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Atom Properties and Structure Researche

Oleg G. Verin

Published Aug 1, 2016• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Striking and strange is not that electrons in atom form a Bose-condensate, but that we till now for some reason «did not guess» about it and accordingly did not consider this factor as fundamental in the atom theory conception! Where else if not in atom, there is the most suitable place for electrons «condensation»? In fact under «normal conditions» around us, energy of thermal movement is very small (about 0,03 eV) in comparison with that deep potential well (several units, tens and even hundreds of eV) in which atom electrons exist. Many tens of electrons are «squeezed» in few cubic angstroms of atom volume!

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Striking and strange is not that electrons in atom form a Bose-condensate, but that we till now for some reason «did not guess» about it and accordingly did not consider this factor as fundamental in the atom theory conception! Where else if not in atom, there is the most suitable place for electrons «condensation»? In fact under «normal conditions» around us, energy of thermal movement is very small (about 0,03 eV) in comparison with that deep potential well (several units, tens and even hundreds of eV) in which atom electrons exist. Many tens of electrons are «squeezed» in few cubic angstroms of atom volume!
The analysis based on experimental characteristics of atoms shows, that the theory of electron movement in atom in its modern state is essentially erroneous. It is impossible to consider electrons in atoms as separate particles because in each electron shell they form a Bose-condensate. Therefore real electron collectives absolutely not resemble drawn by the theory stochastic orbital spread in space. In the article physical characteristics data of atoms repeatedly confirmed by experiments are used. Therefore disclosed laws, undoubtedly, have objective character and will be a reliable basis for further researches.
As we all know, single microscopic particles such as electrons or atoms do not behave according to the familiar classical (Newtonian) physics which describes the everyday world, but rather according to the prescriptions of quantum mechanics, the outcome is often bizarre and counterintuitive. When a macroscopic number of such particles (say ∼ 10) is assembled under conditions where the effects of quantum mechanics are important, the results can be even more spectacular; they include macroscopic phenomena such as superfluidity and superconductivity, which are completely impossible to explain in classical terms. Most, though not all of these exotic phenomena, are a result of a phenomenon which I shall refer to generically as “quantum condensation,” in which a macroscopic number of particles or pairs of particles—a nonzero fraction of all particles present—occupy a single quantum state; this phenomenon is traditionally referred to as Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) when it occurs in a system of bosons such as liquid He, and as Cooper pairing when it occurs, for pairs of particles, in a system of fermions such as the electrons in a superconducting metal. As a result of quantum condensation, the characteristically quantum-mechanical behavior which we are used to seeing at the level of single electrons is as it were amplified by the cooperation of condensed particles and can manifest itself at the macroscopic level. The present essay is intended as a general introduction to the subject of quantum condensation and its consequences, as manifested in a variety of physical systems. I will try to review the fundamental physical ideas, usually without de-
The cooling and trapping of atoms and atomic ions is a rapidly advancing field of fundamental science (e.g., Bose-Einstein condensation). We are attempting to extend the field to neutral molecules as well. As a first step, we are studying single- and multicolor photoassociation of ultracold (∼300 μK) 39K atoms confined in a magneto-optical trap. Photoassociation of ultracold atoms (as opposed to thermal atoms) includes sharp resonances with wavelength as long-range rovibrational levels (outer turning points of tens or hundreds of Bohr) are accessed from colliding atomic pairs with ∼10 MHz of relative kinetic energy and only a few partial waves (l=0,1,2). Potential energy curves derived from these spectra test electronic structure and long-range perturbation theory calculations of interatomic potentials. In particular, such studies yield the full set of potential energy curves needed for fully quantum calculations of atomic line broadening at any temperature.
Introduction Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) is one of the most intriguing phenomena in physics. The basic idea goes back to the 1920s, when Einstein made predictions for the behavior of atoms at sufficiently low temperatures and high densities. However, it took seven decades for experimental physicists to realize this phase under the low-density conditions envisioned by Einstein. In the intermediate period there were many experiments in which aspects of BEC played important roles. Therefore, phenomena such as superfluidity and superconductivity were connected to BEC long before its 1995 realization in ultra-cold, low-density atomic vapors. Since BEC can be discussed with very many different backgrounds and applications in mind, the subject can sometimes be overwhelming for interested students. There is a very good reason why a chapter on BEC does not belong in this book. In all the other chapters here, the processes described involve one or at most two atoms, and the interactions that play a role are between the particles that constitute the atom, namely between the nucleus (or nuclei) and their electrons. The interactions are described quantum mechanically by their Hamiltonian that can always be written exactly in non-relativistic terms, and in some cases can even be solved exactly. This makes atoms and molecules a branch of physics where comparisons between theory and experiments become very meaningful since theoretical predictions are often confirmed to very high accuracy. In BEC, it is the interactions among many atoms that are the key for understanding the phenomenon. Although in principle one could write a Hamiltonian for a Bose condensed gas, its large number of particles makes this not very practical. The starting point for the description of a BEC is in the area of many-body physics that belongs to the expertise of condensed-matter physicists. The interactions between ~10 23 electrons in a solid state with a lattice formed by ~10 23 ions resemble the kind of interactions in a BEC much more closely than the simple fewbody interactions in an atom or molecule. Thus all the theoretical models that have been described up to now are not applicable for the contents of this chapter.