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International Scientific-Practical Conference Problems of Infocommunications Science and Technology

The method of constructing the randomness extractor of a quantum random number generator on the basis of multimodulo transformation

Tetiana Grinenko, Олексій Нарєжній

Published Oct 1, 2017• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

In general form the problem of synthesis and analysis of an extractor algorithm with an alphabet base of more than two based on multimodulo transformation for a prospective quantum random number generator (QRNG) is formulated and solved. This work was carried out as part of a comprehensive theoretical and experimental research to create a prototype QRNG based on the implementation of the method of double radio-resonance in alkali metal vapors.

DOI
10.1109/infocommst.2017.8246373

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In general form the problem of synthesis and analysis of an extractor algorithm with an alphabet base of more than two based on multimodulo transformation for a prospective quantum random number generator (QRNG) is formulated and solved. This work was carried out as part of a comprehensive theoretical and experimental research to create a prototype QRNG based on the implementation of the method of double radio-resonance in alkali metal vapors.
Results of comprehensive theoretical and experimental studies on creation of a Quantum Random Number Generator (QRNG) prototype based on the implementation of double radio optical resonance in the vapor of the rubidium isotope are presented. A method is developed for the analytical and numerical solution of the coupled-mode QRNG equation, which describes the mode of interaction of quantum generators in the process of measuring their parameters. A feature of the proposed method is the possibility of studying quantum phase noise and the width of the quantum discriminators line on alkali metal vapors in the presence of an interaction error.
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Results of comprehensive theoretical and experimental studies on creation of a Quantum Random Number Generator prototype based on the implementation of double radio optical resonance in the vapour of the rubidium isotope are presented. A method is developed for the analytical and numerical solution of the coupled-mode Quantum Random Number Generator equation, which describes the mode of interaction of quantum generators in the process of measuring their parameters. A feature of the proposed method is the possibility of studying quantum phase noise and the width of the quantum discriminators line on alkali metal vapours in the presence of an interaction error.
Randomness is widely used in various fields, including encryption, statistical analysis, and numerical simulations. Randomness is also a fundamental resource in science and engineering. For such applications, we usually need to provide unbiased and independent random bits. This raises the issue of where to get these supposed random bits. Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) generate real random numbers based on the inherent randomness of quantum measurements. In practice, unfortunately, quantum randomness is inevitably mixed with classical randomness due to classical noise. Also, randomness is often correlated and biased. It is necessary to process the resulting raw bits sequence and convert them to good-quality output values that are as close to uniform distribution as possible. Random extractors are required for this. We analyze the randomness obtained by quantum random number generators as well as various examples of post-processing. We discuss the types of randomness extractors. Also, we use information-theoretically secure extractors and present improved novel randomness extraction.
The paper presents the results of applying an advanced attack on an external channel to an extractor of a quantum random number generator (QRNG). The attack is based on the verification of mathematical models of the interception channel and the EM signal of the extractor. Numerical simulation of the electromagnetic (EM) signal and the master key interception channel was performed based on the implementation of the DEMA algorithm of the attack on the AES-128 cipher. Measurements of the parameters of the EM signal and the interception channel were carried out on an experimental setup using a modern reference base in the field of electromagnetic compatibility.
ABSTRACT Quantum random number generator (QRNG) platforms use principles of quantum mechanics to create truly random numbers. Traditional pseudo-random number generators (PRNGs) generate numbers based on deterministic formulas. QRNG's use of the principles of superposition and measurement can provide numbers that cannot be predicted or replicated; therefore, they have been used as a source of randomness in various fields. In this research project, an experimental QRNG was designed and built using Qiskit simulations. Each experiment consisted of a series of two-qubit circuits. The circuits were created to place both qubits into an equal probability state. This was done by applying a pair of Hadamard gates (Hadamard gate applies a rotation operator of π/2 radians). Then each circuit was measured. For each measurement, there would be one output from each qubit. Since the Hadamard gate creates an equal-probability superposition, the combination of each qubit will either add up to 1 or subtract from -1. These combinations will be recorded and processed through several methods to evaluate their quality. Those methods include: Shannon Entropy Analysis, Frequency Distribution Analysis and Chi-Square Uniformity Testing. Keywords: Quantum Random Number Generator, Quantum Computing, Quantum Measurement, Cryptography, Secure Randomness, Qiskit Simulation