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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Microwave Engineering Challenges in Scaling Superconducting Qubits

Damon S. Russell, Jean-Philip Paquette, Mehrnoosh Vahidpour, Saniya Deshpande, Michael Selvanayagam

Published Mar 5, 2018• 0 citations
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Solid-state qubits with transition frequencies in the microwave regime, such as superconducting qubits, are at the forefront of quantum information processing.However, high-fidelity, simultaneous control of superconducting qubits at even a moderate scale remains a challenge, partly due to the complexities of packaging these devices.Here, we present an approach to microwave package design focusing on material choices, signal line engineering, and spurious mode suppression.We describe design guidelines validated using simulations and measurements used to develop a 24-port microwave package.Analyzing the qubit environment reveals no spurious modes up to 11 GHz.The material and geometric design choices enable the package to support qubits with lifetimes exceeding 350 μs.The microwave package design guidelines presented here address many issues relevant for near-term quantum processors.
Quantum information processing systems rely on a broad range of microwave technologies and have spurred development of microwave devices and methods in new operating regimes. Here we review the use of microwave signals and systems in quantum computing, with specific reference to three leading quantum computing platforms: trapped atomic ion qubits, spin qubits in semiconductors, and superconducting qubits. We highlight some key results and progress in quantum computing achieved through the use of microwave systems, and discuss how quantum computing applications have pushed the frontiers of microwave technology in some areas. We also describe open microwave engineering challenges for the construction of large-scale, fault-tolerant quantum computers.
Superconducting quantum circuits are a leading hardware candidate for realizing a large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computer. However, scaling superconducting quantum computers will soon approach the physical limits imposed by their cryogenic operating environments. Consequently, interconnects between multiple processor modules will become increasingly necessary for scaling quantum computers. Optical fiber is a particularly promising candidate for these interconnects due to its low loss and negligible thermal noise at room temperature. However, interfacing microwave-frequency superconducting circuits with optical fibers presents several challenges. In this thesis, we present a modular architecture which addresses many of the current challenges in building this interface. We develop an optomechanical quantum transducer which is capable of generating microwave- and optical-frequency photons in pairs, and demonstrate quantum entanglement between these microwave-optical photon pairs. Further, we develop a superconducting qubit module optimized for efficient absorption of itinerant microwave photons, and demonstrate a high-efficiency photon catch protocol. Finally, we connect the superconducting qubit module to the transducer module via a superconducting microwave cable. We drive the microwave-optical photon pair generation process in the transducer module and employ the photon catch protocol in the qubit module to facilitate state transfer between the qubit and the flying microwave photon from the transducer. We observe correlations between the final qubit state and the detection of an optical photon, demonstrating a crucial step toward establishing quantum entanglement between superconducting qubits and light. We discuss ongoing progress and challenges in realizing hybrid entanglement and in extending this approach to entangle remote superconducting qubits over optical networks.