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Nano Letters

Magnetically Controlled Atomic–Plasmonic Fano Resonances

Liron Stern, Meir Y. Grajower, Noa Mazurski, Uriel Levy

Published Dec 14, 2017• 13 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Following the efforts of size reduction and the integration of light and vapor systems, great promise is held in the integration of vapor and confined electromagnetic waves. By confining light to nanoscale dimensions, fundamental properties of light-vapor interactions may vary significantly. For example, the state of polarization may be modified as compared with weakly focused beams. Specifically, in transverse magnetic modes, the existence of a longitudinal field component, which is in quadrature to the transverse field, generates a "circular-like" polarized light. Here, by taking advantage of this very property, we study the interaction of confined light and vapor in a coupled system of plasmons and atomic vapors in the presence of magnetic fields. Our results show that the spectroscopic nature and Fano resonances of the hybrid plasmonic-atomic system are greatly altered. In parallel, we also exploit the existence of the atoms in proximity to the plasmonic mode to probe the polarization state of the electromagnetic field and reveal the longitudinal-to-transverse ratio between the plasmonic modes components in the near field. Interestingly, our system maps the amplitude and phase information of the electromagnetic modes to the spectral domain. As such, combining magnetic fields with the coupled plasmonic-atomic system has the potential for future applications in high spatial resolution magnetometry, near-field vectorial imaging, and magnetically induced switching and tuning.

DOI
10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03912

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Following the efforts of size reduction and the integration of light and vapor systems, great promise is held in the integration of vapor and confined electromagnetic waves. By confining light to nanoscale dimensions, fundamental properties of light-vapor interactions may vary significantly. For example, the state of polarization may be modified as compared with weakly focused beams. Specifically, in transverse magnetic modes, the existence of a longitudinal field component, which is in quadrature to the transverse field, generates a "circular-like" polarized light. Here, by taking advantage of this very property, we study the interaction of confined light and vapor in a coupled system of plasmons and atomic vapors in the presence of magnetic fields. Our results show that the spectroscopic nature and Fano resonances of the hybrid plasmonic-atomic system are greatly altered. In parallel, we also exploit the existence of the atoms in proximity to the plasmonic mode to probe the polarization state of the electromagnetic field and reveal the longitudinal-to-transverse ratio between the plasmonic modes components in the near field. Interestingly, our system maps the amplitude and phase information of the electromagnetic modes to the spectral domain. As such, combining magnetic fields with the coupled plasmonic-atomic system has the potential for future applications in high spatial resolution magnetometry, near-field vectorial imaging, and magnetically induced switching and tuning.
Recently, there is growing interest in integrating alkali vapors with nanoscale photonic structures, such as nano-waveguides, resonators and nanoantennas. Nanoscale confinement of electromagnetic fields may introduce a longitudinal electric field component, giving rise to circularly polarized modes which are essential for diverse applications involving vapor and light, such as chirality and non-reciprocity. Hereby, we have designed, fabricated and characterized a miniaturized vapor cell that is integrated with optical waveguides that are designed to generate a peculiar circular-like polarization. Taking advantage of this phenomenon, we demonstrate a spectral shift in the atomic absorption signatures at varying magnetic fields, and significant isolation between forward and backward propagating waves in our atomic-cladded waveguide. Our results pave the way for the utilization of chip-scale integrated atomic devices in applications such as optical isolation and high spatial resolution magnetometry.
Over the past decades, alkali atoms have been the subject of intensive and diverse research, ranging from fundamental studies on ultra-cold atoms and Bose-Einstein condensates to technological applications. Since they possess only a single valance s-electron, the alkali atoms manifest a simple low-lying electronic structure compared to other atoms. Moreover, unlike conventional solid state systems their dispersion-free features make them an ideal candidate for sensing applications and referencing tasks. These two features have introduced alkali atoms as promising quantum emitters for the new paradigm of hybrid quantum optics and quantum electrodynamics. This new concept benefits from the existing integrated photonics technology for squeezing and confining the light in sub-wavelength scales to substantially enhance the light-atom interaction. The hybrid chip is envisioned to have light sources, waveguides, devices, and detectors to realize a complex quantum network down to a single photon level. In this talk I will discuss about our recent theoretical and experimental works on atomic vapor spectroscopy in the vicinity of the plasmonic and nanophotonic devices. I start from a density matrix-based formalism describing the evolution of Rb vapor atomic levels, excited with an incoherent pump and coupled to a plasmonic lattice. When designed properly, the lattice plasmon mode efficiently captures the spontaneously emitted photons from the excited Rb atoms and a coherent coupling between the lattice mode and the atomic levels would occur. I will elaborate on the effect of pumping rate and decoherence on the steady state of the hybrid system and the feasibility of achieving a lasing state. In the second part of the talk I will present the results of our experiments on Rb vapor coupled to such a plasmonic lattice. Starting from the pumping mechanism, I describe the collisional scheme we employed to transfer the excited Rb atoms from (_^5)P_(3/2) to(_^5)P_(1/2) , hence achieving a population inversion between P and S levels and an optical gain at 795 nm, eventually. I present the experimental results of this atomic vapor interaction with a plasmonic lattice resonating at 795 nm. The spectroscopy of Rb cloud modified with tightly squeezed and enhanced field of the lattice plasmons shows the clear signature of Fano resonances in the passive gas, followed by amplified spontaneous emission in the active gas and the lasing at higher pumping powers. The results of this study would pave the way toward hybrid atom-quantum photonic chips.
We present a combined theoretical and experimental study of magnetic resonance transitions induced by polarization-modulated light in cesium vapor exposed to a transverse magnetic field. Signals are obtained by phase-sensitive analysis of the light power traversing the vapor cell at six harmonics of the polarization modulation frequency. Resonances appear whenever the Larmor frequency matches an integer multiple of the modulation frequency. We have further investigated the modifications of the spectra when varying the modulation duty cycle. The resonance amplitudes of both in-phase and quadrature components are well described in terms of the Fourier coefficients of the modulation function. The background-free signals generated by the polarization modulation scheme have a high application potential in atomic magnetometry.
Regarding the confinement of light at nanoscale dimensions in plasmonic structures, we try to show the impact of hot atomic vapor spectroscopy on a miniaturized scale. In such a combined structure, resonant coupling of the atom to plasmonic mode provides diverse ways to control the optical response of the system. We fabricate an atomic plasmonic cell based on Rubidium atomic vapor and gold plasmonic thin film onto the Kretschmann setup to introduce resonant coupling (EIT-like) of atom-plasmons as a tunable all-optical bandpass filter, switch, or logic gates. These all-optical devices such as NOR and XNOR logic gates are well done based on the filter by incidence angle of light, temperature as well as the external magnetic field. We believe the possibility of easy modulation of atomic susceptibility, not only through direct alteration on atoms but also through common methods available for modulation of plasmonic mode, has the potential to design and fabricate modern all-optical devices.
We present an analytical model describing the transition to a strong coupling regime for an ensemble of emitters resonantly coupled to a localized surface plasmon in a metal-dielectric structure. The response of a hybrid system to an external field is determined by two distinct mechanisms involving collective states of emitters interacting with the plasmon mode. The first mechanism is the near-field coupling between the bright collective state and the plasmon mode, which underpins the energy exchange between the system components and gives rise to exciton-induced transparency minimum in scattering spectra in the weak coupling regime and to emergence of polaritonic bands as the system transitions to the strong coupling regime. The second mechanism is the Fano interference between the plasmon dipole moment and the plasmon-induced dipole moment of the bright collective state as the hybrid system interacts with the radiation field. The latter mechanism is greatly facilitated by plasmon-induced coherence in a system with the characteristic size below the diffraction limit as the individual emitters comprising the collective state are driven by the same alternating plasmon near field and, therefore, all oscillate in phase. This cooperative effect leads to scaling of the Fano asymmetry parameter and of the Fano function amplitude with the ensemble size, and therefore, it strongly affects the shape of scattering spectra for large ensembles. Specifically, with increasing emitter numbers, the Fano interference leads to a spectral weight shift toward the lower energy polaritonic band.