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Scientific Reports

Multifunctional logic gates based on resonant transmission at atomic-plasmonic structure

Mohammad Mosleh, Seyedeh Mehri Hamidi, Maliheh Ranjbaran

Published Jun 24, 2022• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Regarding the confinement of light at nanoscale dimensions in plasmonic structures, we try to show the impact of hot atomic vapor spectroscopy on a miniaturized scale. In such a combined structure, resonant coupling of the atom to plasmonic mode provides diverse ways to control the optical response of the system. We fabricate an atomic plasmonic cell based on Rubidium atomic vapor and gold plasmonic thin film onto the Kretschmann setup to introduce resonant coupling (EIT-like) of atom-plasmons as a tunable all-optical bandpass filter, switch, or logic gates. These all-optical devices such as NOR and XNOR logic gates are well done based on the filter by incidence angle of light, temperature as well as the external magnetic field. We believe the possibility of easy modulation of atomic susceptibility, not only through direct alteration on atoms but also through common methods available for modulation of plasmonic mode, has the potential to design and fabricate modern all-optical devices.

DOI
10.1038/s41598-022-15084-y

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Regarding the confinement of light at nanoscale dimensions in plasmonic structures, we try to show the impact of hot atomic vapor spectroscopy on a miniaturized scale. In such a combined structure, resonant coupling of the atom to plasmonic mode provides diverse ways to control the optical response of the system. We fabricate an atomic plasmonic cell based on Rubidium atomic vapor and gold plasmonic thin film onto the Kretschmann setup to introduce resonant coupling (EIT-like) of atom-plasmons as a tunable all-optical bandpass filter, switch, or logic gates. These all-optical devices such as NOR and XNOR logic gates are well done based on the filter by incidence angle of light, temperature as well as the external magnetic field. We believe the possibility of easy modulation of atomic susceptibility, not only through direct alteration on atoms but also through common methods available for modulation of plasmonic mode, has the potential to design and fabricate modern all-optical devices.
The frequency-sensitive optical response due to two-photon resonance of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a tunable band structure of an EIT-based layered medium is considered. The unit cells of this periodic layered structure are composed of dielectric (e.g., GaAs) and EIT atomic vapor. The frequency-sensitive behavior of controllable reflectance and transmittance depending on the external control field can be applicable to new device design (e.g., it can serve as the fundamental working mechanism for photonic switches and photonic logic gates). Some two-input logic gates (e.g., OR and NAND gates) are designed based on the present effect of sensitive switching control that results from the two-photon resonance.
Following the efforts of size reduction and the integration of light and vapor systems, great promise is held in the integration of vapor and confined electromagnetic waves. By confining light to nanoscale dimensions, fundamental properties of light-vapor interactions may vary significantly. For example, the state of polarization may be modified as compared with weakly focused beams. Specifically, in transverse magnetic modes, the existence of a longitudinal field component, which is in quadrature to the transverse field, generates a "circular-like" polarized light. Here, by taking advantage of this very property, we study the interaction of confined light and vapor in a coupled system of plasmons and atomic vapors in the presence of magnetic fields. Our results show that the spectroscopic nature and Fano resonances of the hybrid plasmonic-atomic system are greatly altered. In parallel, we also exploit the existence of the atoms in proximity to the plasmonic mode to probe the polarization state of the electromagnetic field and reveal the longitudinal-to-transverse ratio between the plasmonic modes components in the near field. Interestingly, our system maps the amplitude and phase information of the electromagnetic modes to the spectral domain. As such, combining magnetic fields with the coupled plasmonic-atomic system has the potential for future applications in high spatial resolution magnetometry, near-field vectorial imaging, and magnetically induced switching and tuning.
Atom-light interactions in nano-scale systems hold great promise for novel technologies based on integrated emitters and optical modes. We present the design architecture, construction method, and characterization of an all-glass alkali-metal vapor cell with nanometer-scale internal structure. Our cell has a glue-free design which allows versatile optical access, in particular with high numerical aperture optics. By performing spectroscopy in different illumination and detection schemes, we investigate atomic densities and velocity distributions in various nanoscopic landscapes. We apply a two-photon excitation scheme to atoms confined in one dimension within our cells, achieving a resonance line-width of 32 MHz in a counter-propagating geometry, and 57.5 MHz in a co-propagating geometry. Both of these are considerably narrower than the Doppler width (GHz), and are limited by transit time broadening and velocity selection. We also demonstrate sub-Doppler line-widths for atoms confined in two dimensions to micron-sized channels. Furthermore, we illustrate control over vapor density within our cells through nano-scale confinement alone, which could offer a scalable route towards room-temperature devices with single atoms within an interaction volume. Our design offers a robust platform for miniaturized devices that could easily be combined with integrated photonic circuits.
The optical response of an atomic vapor can be controlled by using tunable quantum interference induced by external control field. A periodic layered medium whose unit cells consist of dielectric (e.g., GaAs) and EIT (electromagnetically induced transparency) atomic vapor is suggested. It is demonstrated that such an EIT-based periodic layered medium shows more flexible optical response (sensitive to frequency) than a conventional photonic crystal does. The controllable band structure that depends on the external control field can be applicable to designs of new devices such as photonic switches and photonic logic gates, where one laser field can be controlled by the other one, and would have potential applications in the field of integrated optical circuits and other related areas, e.g., the all-optical technique.
We study the interaction of a single photon in a surface plasmon polariton mode with multiple atoms. We propose a system of two atoms to achieve a tunable scattering from subscattering to superscattering regimes by changing the angle of the incident photon. We also demonstrate a perfect electromagnetically-induced transparency using two atoms with two-level structures. The proposed framework is efficiently scalable to a system with a large number of atoms and opens up the possibility of designing novel atom-based optical devices. We design an atomically thin parabolic mirror to focus single photons and form a quantum mirage in a cavity built from atoms.
In this work, we experimentally observe for the first time nanoscale plasmonic enhanced Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) and Velocity Selective Optical Pumping (VSOP) effects in miniaturized Integrated Quantum Plasmonic Device (IQPD) for D 2 transitions in rubidium (Rb). Our device consists of a vapor cell integrated on top of a prism coated with a thin layer of metal. This configuration is known to allow efficient excitation of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR). The evanescent field of the surface plasmon mode interacts with the atomic media in close vicinity to the metal. In spite of the limited interaction length between SPR and Rb atoms, the signature of EIT along with VSOP signals could be clearly observed in our miniaturized IQPD under proper conditions of pump and probe intensities. A gradual decrease in the contrast of the plasmonic enhanced EIT and VSOP signals was observed as the excitation was detuned from the SPR critical angle, due to reduction in electromagnetic field enhancement, leading to a reduced interaction of the evanescent field with the atomic vapor media. Following the demonstration of these effects, we also present a detailed model revealing the mechanisms and the origin of plasmonic enhanced EIT and VSOP effects in our system. The model, which is based on the Bloch equations, is in good agreement with the observed experimental results. The obtained results are regarded as an important step in the quest for the realization of nanoscale quantum plasmonic effects and devices.