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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics

On chip source of photon pairs with integrated pump filtering and signal/idler demultiplexing

Nicholas C. Harris, Davide Grassani, Angelica Simbula, Mihir Pant, Mattéo Galli, Tom W. Baehr-Jones, Michael Hochberg, Dirk Englund, Daniele Bajoni, Christophe Galland

Published Jan 1, 2015• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Considerable research work is being devoted to the integration of quantum optical components on a silicon chip [1]. Many results have been achieved on the generation of quantum states of light in silicon photonic devices, but all the sources demonstrated so far need off-chip filtering stages to clean the generated photons before detection. This necessity for off-chip components hinders usability in a completely integrated platform. In this work [2] we demonstrate for the first time on-chip generation of photon pairs via a silicon microring resonator fully integrated with spectral filters for the pump on the same chip. The sample, shown in Fig. 1 a, is a reconfigurable silicon photonic integrated circuit based on Bragg reflectors and tunable ring resonators. The combination of these devices results in pump rejection by more than 95 dB in a single chip, reducing the pump intensity to less than the flux of the photon pairs generated by spontaneous four wave mixing (Fig 1 b).

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Considerable research work is being devoted to the integration of quantum optical components on a silicon chip [1]. Many results have been achieved on the generation of quantum states of light in silicon photonic devices, but all the sources demonstrated so far need off-chip filtering stages to clean the generated photons before detection. This necessity for off-chip components hinders usability in a completely integrated platform. In this work [2] we demonstrate for the first time on-chip generation of photon pairs via a silicon microring resonator fully integrated with spectral filters for the pump on the same chip. The sample, shown in Fig. 1 a, is a reconfigurable silicon photonic integrated circuit based on Bragg reflectors and tunable ring resonators. The combination of these devices results in pump rejection by more than 95 dB in a single chip, reducing the pump intensity to less than the flux of the photon pairs generated by spontaneous four wave mixing (Fig 1 b).
We demonstrate the generation of quantum-correlated photon pairs combined with the spectral filtering of the pump field by more than 95 dB on a single silicon chip using electrically tunable ring resonators and passive Bragg reflectors. Moreover, we perform the demultiplexing and routing of signal and idler photons after transferring them via an optical fiber to a second identical chip. Nonclassical two-photon temporal correlations with a coincidence-to-accidental ratio of 50 are measured without further off-chip filtering. Our system, fabricated with high yield and reproducibility in a CMOS-compatible process, paves the way toward large-scale quantum photonic circuits by allowing sources and detectors of single photons to be integrated on the same chip.
Integrated photon-pair sources are fundamental building blocks of any quantum circuit. Spontaneous four-wave mixing in Si micro-resonators has already shown efficient on-chip generation of entangled photon pairs. However, owing to the substantially higher pump intensity, compared to that of the photon-pair signal, suppression of the pump requires rejection levels exceeding 100 dB. Besides strong pump suppression, narrow rejection bandwidth (<; 10 nm) is particularly important to allow short wavelength separation of the paired photons, thereby minimizing dispersion effects in the micro-ring that may reduce the efficiency of the nonlinear process. Implementing such pump-rejection filter on chip remains a challenge. Indeed, the only demonstration of photon-pair generation with on-chip pump rejection required cascading two identical chips, compromising the feasibility of the solution. The main reason for this is the limited rejection achieved by state-of-the-art on-chip Bragg filters. Ultra-high rejection has been demonstrated in actively controlled filters at the expense of increased insertion loss and a high complexity, due to the control of all the filters. Nevertheless, photon-pair generation with effective pump rejection in a single chip has not been demonstrated yet.
This work reports recent progress in developing silicon photonic circuits for on-chip generation and manipulation of entangled photon pairs. We successfully integrated three essential functions— photon-pair source, pump filtering, and demultiplexing—into a single silicon chip. Key performance results include a high-quality resonator (Q-factor > 100,000), pump rejection over 80 dB, and efficient signal-idler separation with minimal crosstalk (better than 40 dB). These advancements pave the way for high-brightness photon-pair generation and manipulation, beneficial for quantum applications.
Integrated quantum photonic circuits are a key enabling technology for the scalability of quantum information systems. Among the available platforms, silicon photonics offers an unrivalled capability for the large-scale integration of photonic components within compact footprints. However, the strong index contrast that enables ultra-compact silicon devices also makes them highly sensitive to fabrication imperfections. As circuit complexity increases, active tuning is generally required to maintain spectral alignment among the different components, leading to significant power consumption that ultimately limit scalability. Here, we demonstrate a fully integrated silicon quantum photon-pair source operating without active tuning of any component. The circuit combines photon-pair generation in a micro-ring resonator, pump rejection using Bragg filters, and signal/idler demultiplexing through modal add-drop filters with building blocks engineered to minimize sensitivity to fabrication variations. The resulting circuit achieves excellent experimental quantum performance. Coincidence rates up to 4000 counts s^-1 with coincidence-to-accidental ratios as high as 100 are obtained across the generated spectrum, while separate two-photon interference measurements yield raw visibilities exceeding 93% for individually selected ITU wavelength-channel pairs. By eliminating the need for active spectral tuning while maintaining high quantum performance, this work addresses a major bottleneck in the scaling of complex silicon quantum photonic circuits.
Abstract The third-order nonlinearity of silicon gives rise to a spontaneous four-wave mixing process in which correlated photon pairs are generated. Sources based on this effect can be used for quantum computation and cryptography, and can in principle be integrated with standard CMOS fabrication technology and components. However, one of the major challenges is the on-chip demultiplexing of the photons, and in particular the filtering of the pump power, which is many orders of magnitude larger than that of the signal and idler photons. Here, we propose a photonic crystal coupled-cavity system designed so that the coupling of the pump mode to the output channel is strictly zero due to symmetry. We further analyze this effect in the presence of fabrication disorder and find that, even then, a pump suppression of close to 40 dB can be achieved in state-of-the-art systems. Due to the small mode volumes and high quality factors, our system is also expected to have a generation efficiency much higher than in standard micro-ring systems. Those two considerations make a strong case for the integration of our proposed design in future on-chip quantum technologies.