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Nanodiamond in optical fibre.

Matthew R. Henderson

Published Jan 1, 2013• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Diamond, prized as both a gemstone and a cutting and polishing material, has recently been recognised for another remarkable property, a host of optically active colour centre defects. With the rise of interest in these colour centres, due to the unique optical properties, comes a need for interfacing with other optical platforms. Recent advances have attempted to fabricate optical structures from the diamond itself, or to combine these colour centres with the well-known fabrication techniques of other materials by placing nanodiamond crystals on the surface of other structures, such as microdisks, microspheres, and optical fibres. This thesis presents a new approach to this integration by demonstrating the fabrication of a hybrid nanodiamond-glass material. This technique embeds the nanodiamond within the optical structure, offering interaction with the bound optical fields, protection, and ease of fabrication. A range of optical structures has previously been fabricated from the chosen glass, tellurite, and fabrication of an optical fibre is demonstrated here. Also presented is the derivation of a model describing coupling of an emitter to an optical fibre. While used here to investigate coupling of diamond colour centres to the optical fibre modes, it is more generally applicable to any emitter. These results show the first steps of a new approach to diamond integrated photonics.

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Diamond, prized as both a gemstone and a cutting and polishing material, has recently been recognised for another remarkable property, a host of optically active colour centre defects. With the rise of interest in these colour centres, due to the unique optical properties, comes a need for interfacing with other optical platforms. Recent advances have attempted to fabricate optical structures from the diamond itself, or to combine these colour centres with the well-known fabrication techniques of other materials by placing nanodiamond crystals on the surface of other structures, such as microdisks, microspheres, and optical fibres. This thesis presents a new approach to this integration by demonstrating the fabrication of a hybrid nanodiamond-glass material. This technique embeds the nanodiamond within the optical structure, offering interaction with the bound optical fields, protection, and ease of fabrication. A range of optical structures has previously been fabricated from the chosen glass, tellurite, and fabrication of an optical fibre is demonstrated here. Also presented is the derivation of a model describing coupling of an emitter to an optical fibre. While used here to investigate coupling of diamond colour centres to the optical fibre modes, it is more generally applicable to any emitter. These results show the first steps of a new approach to diamond integrated photonics.
Diamond is emerging as an optical supermaterial, due to its wide transparency bandwidth, excellent thermooptic properties and most notably its stable, large dipole moment, room temperature, single photon emitting colour centres. In this paper we present recent progress in the characterization of non radiative and radiative decay in single impurities and the fabrication of hybrid diamond-tellurite optical structures.. First, we present direct imaging of the emission pattern of individual ion implanted chromium-based single photon emitters in diamond and measure their quantum efficiency. By comparing the decay rates from the single chromium emitters at different depths in the diamond crystal, we measured an average quantum efficiency of 28%. Second, a hybrid approach involving a soft glass tellurite host material has been introduced, allowing nitrogen-vacancy (NV-) diamond emitters to be built into an optical fibre. The potential of integrating Cr-related centres in hybrid optical structures is also discussed.
Abstract The progress in integration of nanodiamond with photonic devices is analyzed in the light of quantum optical applications. Nanodiamonds host a variety of optically active defects, called color centers, which provide rich ground for photonic engineering. Theoretical introduction describing light and matter interaction between optical modes and a quantum emitter is presented, including the role of the Debye–Waller factor typical of color center emission. The synthesis of diamond nanoparticles is discussed in an overview of methods leading to experimentally realized hybrid platforms of nanodiamond with gallium phosphide, silicon dioxide, and silicon carbide. The trade‐offs in the substrate index of refraction values are reviewed in the context of the achieved strength of light and matter interaction. Thereby, the recent results on the growth of color center‐rich nanodiamond on prefabricated silicon carbide microdisk resonators are presented. These hybrid devices achieve up to fivefold enhancement of the diamond color‐center light emission and can be employed in integrated quantum photonics.
Diamond is unique. Whether mechanical, thermal, electrical or optical, its properties are within the most extreme compared to those of any other material. This, together with the fact that in the last fifty years the synthesis of artificial diamond has become a reality, makes it very attractive for engineering and technological purposes. The range of diamond-based applications is very diverse and, among the others, includes its use in mechanical machining, high-power high-frequency electronics and high transmissivity optics. -- Diamond is also host to a wide variety of crystallographic defects. Appropriately controlled, they can be used to tune the characteristics of the material, but even more interestingly they often possess attractive optical properties on their own. In particular, nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centres in diamond have been the subject of extensive study in the last few years. They possess unique room-temperature optical and spin properties which make them promising systems for solid-state qubits in quantum information technologies and for emerging applications in biotechnology, nanomedicine and high resolution magnetometry, such as drug delivery, fluorescent biomarking and spin imaging. -- This thesis is focused on NV centres in diamond. I first present an extensive review on diamond as a material, describing in detail its physical properties, the methods that have been developed to synthesise it and some of its possible applications. I then move the attention specifically to NV centres in nanodiamonds (NDs), i.e. diamond crystals in the nanometre size range (0-100 nm). They are a potential candidate for emerging technologies including high-resolution magnetometry and biomedical imaging. For these applications, specific material requirements, such as the small size of the diamond nanocrystals and the optical stability of the hosted NV centres, are crucial. The NV stability with respect to the nanodiamond size and surface is the central theme of this thesis. I analyse the optical behaviour of NV centres in nanodiamond while varying a number of key parameters such as size, surface termination and diamond origin. Based on the measurements, I conclude whether the nanodiamond size and the NV surface proximity are factors that must be taken into consideration in order to control the material and realise nanotechnologies based on NV centres in nanodiamonds.
Optically active color centers in nanodiamonds offer unique opportunities for generating and manipulating quantum states of light. These mechanically, chemically, and optically robust emitters can be produced in mass quantities, deterministically manipulated, and integrated with a variety of quantum device geometries and photonic material platforms. Nanodiamonds with deeply sub-wavelength sizes coupled to nanophotonic structures feature a giant enhancement of light-matter interaction, promising high bitrates in quantum photonic systems. We review the recent advances in controlled techniques for synthesizing, selecting, and manipulating nanodiamond-based color centers for their integration with quantum nanophotonic devices.