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arXiv:1610.03183 · Laser & Photonics Review

Nanodiamond Integration with Photonic Devices

Marina Radulaski, Jingyuan Linda Zhang, Yan‐Kai Tzeng, Konstantinos G. Lagoudakis, Hitoshi Ishiwata, Constantin Dory, Kevin A. Fischer, Yousif Kelaita, Shuo Sun, Peter C. Maurer, Kassem Alassaad, Gabriel Ferro, Zhi‐Xun Shen, Nicholas A. Melosh, Steven Chu, Jelena Vuckovic A

Published Jul 22, 2019• 78 citations

Abstract

Abstract The progress in integration of nanodiamond with photonic devices is analyzed in the light of quantum optical applications. Nanodiamonds host a variety of optically active defects, called color centers, which provide rich ground for photonic engineering. Theoretical introduction describing light and matter interaction between optical modes and a quantum emitter is presented, including the role of the Debye–Waller factor typical of color center emission. The synthesis of diamond nanoparticles is discussed in an overview of methods leading to experimentally realized hybrid platforms of nanodiamond with gallium phosphide, silicon dioxide, and silicon carbide. The trade‐offs in the substrate index of refraction values are reviewed in the context of the achieved strength of light and matter interaction. Thereby, the recent results on the growth of color center‐rich nanodiamond on prefabricated silicon carbide microdisk resonators are presented. These hybrid devices achieve up to fivefold enhancement of the diamond color‐center light emission and can be employed in integrated quantum photonics.

DOI: 10.1002/lpor.201800316

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Abstract The progress in integration of nanodiamond with photonic devices is analyzed in the light of quantum optical applications. Nanodiamonds host a variety of optically active defects, called color centers, which provide rich ground for photonic engineering. Theoretical introduction describing light and matter interaction between optical modes and a quantum emitter is presented, including the role of the Debye–Waller factor typical of color center emission. The synthesis of diamond nanoparticles is discussed in an overview of methods leading to experimentally realized hybrid platforms of nanodiamond with gallium phosphide, silicon dioxide, and silicon carbide. The trade‐offs in the substrate index of refraction values are reviewed in the context of the achieved strength of light and matter interaction. Thereby, the recent results on the growth of color center‐rich nanodiamond on prefabricated silicon carbide microdisk resonators are presented. These hybrid devices achieve up to fivefold enhancement of the diamond color‐center light emission and can be employed in integrated quantum photonics.

Optically active color centers in nanodiamonds offer unique opportunities for generating and manipulating quantum states of light. These mechanically, chemically, and optically robust emitters can be produced in mass quantities, deterministically manipulated, and integrated with a variety of quantum device geometries and photonic material platforms. Nanodiamonds with deeply sub-wavelength sizes coupled to nanophotonic structures feature a giant enhancement of light-matter interaction, promising high bitrates in quantum photonic systems. We review the recent advances in controlled techniques for synthesizing, selecting, and manipulating nanodiamond-based color centers for their integration with quantum nanophotonic devices.

Optically active color centers in nanodiamonds offer unique opportunities for generating and manipulating quantum states of light. These mechanically, chemically, and optically robust emitters can be produced in mass quantities, deterministically manipulated, and integrated with a variety of quantum device geometries and photonic material platforms. Nanodiamonds with deeply sub-wavelength sizes coupled to nanophotonic structures feature a giant enhancement of light-matter interaction, promising high bitrates in quantum photonic systems. We review the recent advances in controlled techniques for synthesizing, selecting, and manipulating nanodiamond-based color centers for their integration with quantum nanophotonic devices.

Diamond has emerged as a leading host material for solid-state quantum emitters, quantum memories, and quantum sensors. However, the challenges in fabricating photonic devices in diamond have limited its potential for use in quantum technologies. While various hybrid integration approaches have been developed for coupling diamond color centers with photonic devices defined in a heterogeneous material, these methods suffer from either large insertion loss at the material interface or evanescent light-matter coupling. Here, we present a new technique that enables the deterministic assembly of diamond color centers in a silicon nitride photonic circuit. Using this technique, we observe Purcell enhancement of silicon vacancy centers coupled to a silicon nitride ring resonator. Our hybrid integration approach has the potential for achieving the maximum possible light-matter interaction strength while maintaining low insertion loss and paves the way toward scalable manufacturing of large-scale quantum photonic circuits integrated with high-quality quantum emitters and spins.

Color centers have attracted significant attention for their applications in quantum technology, making their integration into photonic structures an essential area of research to advance the realization of quantum platforms. In particular, resonant cavities offer a promising platform for enhancing the light-matter interaction of color centers. This work explores the fabrication of microcavities embedded with fluorescent nanodiamonds using two-photon polymerization (2PP). We investigate the trade-off between nanodiamond concentration in the photoresist and the resulting structural quality and cavity Q-factor. Our results demonstrate the successful integration of nanodiamonds into cylindrical cavities doped with 0.002 wt% concentration. These cavities maintain good quality factors on the order of 105 and contain one to three fluorescent color centers. The position of the fluorescent nanodiamonds within the microcavities is confirmed using fluorescence spectroscopy, laser scanning microscopy (LSM), and Raman spectroscopy. Additionally, utilizing Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) simulations, we explore novel designs for efficient emitter-cavity coupling with color centers in 4H-Silicon Carbide (SiC) nanostructures. We optimized a double nanobeam cavity design supporting high-quality factor resonances and a \"sawfish\" cavity design for improved fabrication and light-matter interaction with color center in SiC. Building upon this knowledge, we discuss future directions for leveraging 2PP fabrication to integrate nanodiamonds with novel Whispering Gallery Modes (WGM) cavities, aiming at achieving low mode volumes to explore the Purcell effect. Therefore, this research paves the way for developing integrated devices containing nanodiamonds and WGM cavities for quantum technology applications.

We propose to couple single photons, generated by a germanium vacancy (GeV) / Silicon Vacancy (SiV) center located within one nanodiamond-ND, to other GeV centers in other nanodiamonds. We will then have a hybrid quantum photonic platform made of color centers that act as stationary matter qubits and single photons that act as flying qubits, connecting nodes together. Our initial attempt will be focused on establishing a two-node network and then look towards scaling up to a multiple node quantum network. To this extent, we shall study the spectral as well as correlation properties of group IV color centers embedded in nanodiamonds to choose suitable candidates for the proposed two node quantum network. We will elaborate on the process as well as applications of the proposed device in the context of quantum communication and networks. We will also look into the study the interaction of a magnetic ion with color centers in bulk diamond.