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EPJ Web of Conferences

Solid-state Raman quantum memory in whispering gallery mode resonators: signal-to-noise ratio

A D Berezhnoi, А. А. Калачев

Published Jan 1, 2017• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The possibility of implementation of optical quantum memory via off-resonant Raman absorption and emission of single-photon pulses in rare-earth-ion-doped crystals is theoretically analysed taking into account signal-to-noise ratio at the output of the memory device. The crystal 143Nd3+:Y7LiF4 is considered as an example. It is shown that the signal-to-noise ratio can exceed unity for single-photon input pulses provided that storage and retrieval of them is performed in the doped crystals forming a microcavity such as whispering gallery mode resonator.

DOI
10.1051/epjconf/201716101004

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Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters•Jun 1, 2022•15 citations
The possibility of implementation of optical quantum memory via off-resonant Raman absorption and emission of single-photon pulses in rare-earth-ion-doped crystals is theoretically analysed taking into account signal-to-noise ratio at the output of the memory device. The crystal 143Nd3+:Y7LiF4 is considered as an example. It is shown that the signal-to-noise ratio can exceed unity for single-photon input pulses provided that storage and retrieval of them is performed in the doped crystals forming a microcavity such as whispering gallery mode resonator.
The possibility of implementing an off-resonant Raman scheme of optical quantum memory on the basis of an ensemble of three-level atoms is investigated under the condition of equal polarisations of resonant transitions forming the Λ-scheme. The developed model is used to analyse the signal-to-noise ratio at the output of an optical quantum memory device in 143 Nd 3+ : Y 7 LiF 4 . It is shown that this ratio can significantly exceed unity for single-photon input pulses. The required values of the parameters can be obtained by using an impurity crystal in the form of a whispering-gallery mode ring resonator.
In an isotopically pure 143Nd3+:Y7LiF4 crystal we demonstrate an optical quantum memory on a single photon level using the atomic frequency comb memory protocol. Using weakened laser pulses we demonstrate storage efficiency of 6.5% with the storage time of ∼ \sim ∼ 60 ns and signal to noise ratio of around 3.
Rare-earth-ion doped crystals are an interesting system for quantum computing investigations due to their long optical and hyperfine coherence times. In particular, the ground-state coherence times can be longer than one second, which makes them perfect for long-term storage of quantum states. They also have the advantage of being a solid-state system. At present, many of the fundamental requirements for quantum computing have been demonstrated using rare-earth-ions; however, quantum state readout has yet to be achieved. The strong-coupling regime is of great importance in cavity quantum electrodynamics, as in this regime interactions between single atoms and single photons can be realized. Strong coupling thereby provides a method of enabling qubit-qubit interactions. It is desirable to achieve this regime with rare-earth-ion doped resonators, as it would enable on-demand readout of quantum states, a necessity for quantum computing, and provide the scalability required for implementation of quantum networks. This thesis describes the work that has gone into investigating the suitability of rare-earth-ion doped whispering-gallery mode resonators for quantum computing applications. A theoretical analysis of the strong-coupling regime is performed, followed by experiments investigating the properties of ions in resonators, and of new rare-earth-ion materials. A final set of experiments studies a new quantum memory protocol for use with rare-earth-ions. A theoretical investigation is undertaken to determine whether the strong-coupling regime will be attainable with rare-earth-ion doped whispering-gallery mode resonators. Emphasis is given to determining which rare-earth-ion materials will have the best properties when used as resonators. Specific applications of the strong-coupling regime are examined for this system; in particular, whether it will be possible to demonstrate the reversible transfer of quantum states, and detection of single dopants. Experiments are performed, measuring the properties of millimetre-sized Pr3+:Y2SiO5 resonators. Direct measurements of cavity quantum electrodynamics parameters are made using photon echoes, giving good agreement with theoretical predictions. Interactions between the atom and cavity are observed and a theoretical model is presented to describe these effects. Thus, a more realistic picture is obtained of the experimental requirements for achieving the strong-coupling regime. The properties of different rare-earth-ion doped materials are measured and analysed to determine their suitability for quantum computing applications. The spin Hamiltonian parameters of Pr3+:YAG are measured using Raman heterodyne spectroscopy, and then used to find the optical transitions with zero first-order Zeeman shift, as this should allow the coherence time to be extended to a point where this system is useful for resonator applications. Hyperfine transitions with zero first-order Zeeman shift are also calculated for Er3+:Y2SiO5, with the aim of enabling long-term storage in a telecommunication-wavelength memory. The thesis concludes with an experimental investigation into a new quantum memory technique that does not require spectral hole burning. The hybrid photon echo rephasing protocol uses strong optical pulses to perform rephasing, thus utilizing the advantageous properties of the two-pulse photon echo. Furthermore, the use of external broadening fields removes the usual problem of noise from amplified spontaneous emission. The properties of this memory are examined using a Pr3+:Y2SiO5 crystal.
A quantum memory protocol has been implemented on the basis of the revival of silenced echo (ROSE) in the 167Er3+:Y2SiO5 crystal at the telecommunication wavelength for input light fields with a small number of photons. An efficiency of storage of 44% has been reached at a storage time of 40 μs. The input pulse contains ~340 photons on average, the reconstructed echo signal includes ~150 photons, and the signal-to-noise ratio is 4. It has been shown that the main source of noise is the spontaneous emission of atoms remaining in the excited state because the parameters of two rephasing pulses are imperfect. Methods of increasing the signal-to-noise ratio for the implementation of the efficient quantum memory for single-photon fields have been discussed.