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TEION KOGAKU (Journal of Cryogenics and Superconductivity Society of Japan)

Progress of Packaging Technologies for Superconducting Electronic Devices

Hideo Suzuki

Published Jan 1, 2009• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Many superconducting electronic devices have been developed with LTS and HTS technologies. However, until a few years ago, only a few developments at the system level, including cryocoolers, had been seen, despite reliable cryocoolers being released in the 1990s. One of the problems is that researchers in the field of superconducting electronics are unfamiliar with cryocoolers and packaging technologies. Additionally, specialized designing is required for each system. Recently, many prototype cryocooled- systems have been developed for several applications. This paper reviews superconducting electronic systems with cryocoolers and their packaging technologies.

DOI
10.2221/jcsj.44.260

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Many superconducting electronic devices have been developed with LTS and HTS technologies. However, until a few years ago, only a few developments at the system level, including cryocoolers, had been seen, despite reliable cryocoolers being released in the 1990s. One of the problems is that researchers in the field of superconducting electronics are unfamiliar with cryocoolers and packaging technologies. Additionally, specialized designing is required for each system. Recently, many prototype cryocooled- systems have been developed for several applications. This paper reviews superconducting electronic systems with cryocoolers and their packaging technologies.
For some time, work has been continuing within the U.S.A. on a "Technology Roadmap for the Superconducting Electronics Industry". A similar roadmap exercise is underway in Europe, and in Japan, recently announced research projects in superconductivity involved a detailed planning process. However, the U.S. Roadmap is not complete, and a consensus of industry opinion has not yet been reached on its recommendations. This manuscript should be regarded as a distillation of inputs from many sources, heavily weighted with the author's own prejudices. He suggests that a system level view of superconducting electronics technology should lead to revisions of today's research priorities. In particular, the importance of the cryocooler and cryopackage in each system has broad implications, even affecting the directions of materials and device research.
It has been nearly 110 years since the discovery of superconductors, and more than 30 years since the discovery of high temperature superconductors (HTS). Great progress has been made in the application of superconducting electronics in the last two decades. HTS microwave devices have shown much higher perfomance than the traditional ones and have found their ways to the industry applications in mobile communication, radar, and special communication applications. Owing to the ultrahigh sensitivity to magnetic fields and currents, superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) have been used as the irresplacible sensors in geological surveying, magnetic resonanc imaging, biomagnetic imaging, and other areas. The sensitivity of superconducting radiation detectors such as superconducting SIS mixer, superconducting hot electron bolometer, superconducting transition edge sensor, superconducting nanowire single photon detector, and superconducting microwave kinetic inductance detector are near the quantum limitation. They are now key technology in geophysics, astrophysics, quantum information science, biomedicine, and so on. Superconducting Josephson parametric amplifier has become a key element for superconducting quantum computing. Superconducting integrated circuit has been included in the international roadmap for devices and systems, and shows that having the potential to become one of the mainstreams for post-Moore information processing technology. In metrology, superconducting Josephson effect and Josephson junction array devices have been widely used in the redefinition of quantum voltage reference and basic units of the International system of Units. Superconducting electronics plays an important role in the current quantum information technology boom, which in turn promotes the development of superconducting electronics. This review will brief introduce the research and application of superconducting electronics in China in recent years.
Summary form only given. Superconducting computing has recently emerged as a potential solution for energy-efficient, large-scale computing. Problems in large-scale computing are reviewed. Superconducting computing is significantly different from conventional technologies and required a feasibility study [1] to evaluate its potential. Concepts were investigated for computing systems capable of performance in the range from 1 to 1000 PFLOP/s. The concept systems were constrained to use existing commercial cryogenic refrigerators and Nb superconducting technology. Superconducting computing was shown to be potentially competitive on the basis of power and energy efficiency if key component technologies can meet specific goals. Challenges for superconducting computing are reviewed. One challenge is that saving significant energy requires large-scale systems due to the requirement for cryogenic refrigeration, but superconducting computing is a technology in its infancy. For example, in 2010 there were a very few foundries for superconducting electronic circuits and only one with very limited access was processing 200 mm wafers. There were also few superconducting digital circuit designers and the electronic design automation (EDA) toolchain could only support development of circuits with a few thousand elements. These challenges are shared with several other alternative technologies being developed for energy-efficient computing. The IARPA Cryogenic Computing Complexity (C3) program is in the process of developing superconducting computing technologies for large-scale applications.
Abstract Terahertz (THz) technology is a rapidly developing field that explores the use of electromagnetic waves in the THz frequency range. The unique properties of THz waves have great application prospects in electromagnetic sensing, security inspection, non-destructive testing, medical diagnostics, biology, high-speed wireless communication, space science and so on. At present, the application of THz technology is still under continuous research and development, and its broad scientific prospects are recognized worldwide. THz frequency falls into the gap on the electromagnetic spectrum of electronics and optics, thus both classic microwave and optical technologies cannot be directly applied to the THz systems. New components, circuits and application systems are being developed for THz technology. Superconductivity is a quantum mechanical phenomenon and offers unique advantages for applications in high-frequency electromagnetic domains. Novel superconducting quantum devices are being exploited for THz wave radiation and detection, and many THz application systems. The high-T c superconducting (HTS) electronic devices have great potential in emerging THz technologies due to its very high-energy bandgap (well into THz regions) and much relaxed cooling requirement, and they offer strong prospect for the development of practical and portable THz systems. This paper provides an overview of the state-of-art development of HTS THz quantum devices and their application for THz sensing, imaging and communication. The review will start with a brief introduction about cutting-edge THz technology, the fundamental of superconductivity, Josephson effects and the HTS Josephson junctions. Then, the research progress and the latest achievement of HTS Josephson THz emitters, detectors and mixers will be reviewed, followed by their application examples in some THz systems. Finally, the conclusion, challenges and outlooks of the HTS technologies in THz applications are discussed.
In recent years, the development of superconducting digital electronics has been making rapid progress. A variety of digital circuits based on Single-Flux Quantum (SFQ) device technology such as high-speed switching circuits for router systems and high-speed sampling oscilloscope systems have been demonstrated. These achievements have been mainly based on the NEDO project, “Development of Low-power Superconducting Network Devices”. This paper describes these recent progress and future prospects of superconducting digital electronics.