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Frontiers in Optics

Single photon generation at 785nm in CMOS compatible photonic devices

Robert Čerňanský, Francesco Martini, Alberto Politi

Published Jan 1, 2017• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Single photon sources are crucial components for any future quantum photonic technology. Here we demonstrate on-chip generation of non-classical states of light for quantum computation using CMOS compatible PECVD SiN ring resonator at near-visible wavelengths.
DOI
10.1364/fio.2017.jw3a.13

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We demonstrate on-chip generation of correlated pairs of photons in the near-visible spectrum using a CMOS compatible plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition silicon nitride photonic device. Photons are generated via spontaneous four wave mixing enhanced by a ring resonator with high intrinsic quality Q-factor of 3,20,000, resulting in a generation rate of 950,000 pairsmW. The high brightness of this source offers the opportunity to expand photonic quantum technologies over a broad wavelength range and provides a path to develop fully integrated quantum chips working at room temperature.
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Photon pair sources with the capability to tune the wavelength and correlation properties of the generated photons can be useful for quantum applications such as communication, sensing, and computing. Silicon devices based on the SOI (silicon-on-insulator) platform benefits from both tight modal confinement, due to high index contrast between core and cladding, and CMOS compatible manufacturing process, making it a suitable platform for such sources. In the present work, we discuss the possibility of using planar resonant silicon devices with bend radii of a few tens of microns as photon pair sources. We discuss that a silicon nanophotonic chip consisting of either a single microring or coupled microrings can be used to generate photon pairs around 1.55 um. We discuss that the photons are generated in multiple pairs of wavelengths and can be tuned over several nanometers, demonstrating the capability to generate wavelength division multiplexed photon pairs at freely chosen telecommunication-band wavelengths. Further on, we discuss the ease of control over the bi-photon spectrum of the generated photon pairs and its implication in controlling their correlation properties. Uncorrelated photon pairs can be used to herald a single photon, and correlated photon pairs can be used in various quantum applications such as communication and sensing. In the end, we discuss the design parameters of a single microring resonator based sources.
Chip-scale integrated photonic circuits provide an attractive platform for the implementation of many quantum photonic technologies ranging from precise metrology to secure communication and quantum computation. In particular, silicon photonic platforms support micron-scale nonlinear optical sources of non-classical light which can be mass manufactured using the robust fabrication processes pioneered by the CMOS microelectronics industry. Integration of these quantum photonic sources with high-performance classical photonic devices on the same chip is required for truly scalable quantum information technologies. Integrated nonlinear resonators are investigated as sources of quantum mechanically correlated photon pair sources. An all-order dispersion engineering method is presented as a robust design synthesis for micoring sources. In addition, a novel concept of coupled mode dispersion compensation is proposed and demonstrated, providing significantly improved performance characteristics of resonant four-wave mixing sources. Next a photon pair source is demonstrated in a commercial CMOS microelectronics process opening the door to future integration of quantum photonics with electronic logic and control circuits. Classical nonlinear optical measurements of stimulated four-wave mixing are used for the first time to accurately predict the quantum correlations from the same device operating in the photon pair regime. Next the first demonstration of fully on-chip pump rejection is demonstrated with over 95 dB pump extinction improving the figures of merit from previous demonstrations by multiple orders of magnitude, including losses, detected pair rates and size. Finally, proposals for introducing novel degrees of freedom provided by an integrated platform are presented for further improving the performance of both photon pair and classical nonlinear optical sources.
CMOS-compatible photonic chips are highly desirable for real-world quantum optics devices due to their scalability, robustness, and integration with electronics. Despite impressive advances using Silicon nanostructures, challenges remain in reducing their linear and nonlinear losses and in creating narrowband photons necessary for interfacing with quantum memories. Here we demonstrate the potential of the silicon nitride (Si3N4) platform by realizing an ultracompact, bright, entangled photon-pair source with selectable photon bandwidths down to 30 MHz, which is unprecedented for an integrated source. Leveraging Si3N4's moderate thermal expansion, simple temperature control of the chip enables precise wavelength stabilization and tunability without active control. Single-mode photon pairs at 1550 nm are generated at rates exceeding 107 s-1 with mW's of pump power and are used to produce time-bin entanglement. Moreover, Si3N4 allows for operation from the visible to the mid-IR, which make it highly promising for a wide range of integrated quantum photonics applications.
The work presented in this thesis aims to integrate sources and detectors of nonclassical states of light into a single photonic chip. Correlated pairs of single photons are among the most used sources in many quantum optics and quantum information experiments but their integration with detectors still remains a challenging task. In the first part of the thesis we exploit the generation of correlated pairs of photons in the visible spectrum using an integrated Silicon Nitride microring resonator. As the fabrication process of our sources is fully compatible with back-end CMOS technology, we also discuss the unique possibility of integration with silicon avalanche photodectors to provide a platform for commercially available, fully integrated, analogue quantum simulator working at room temperature. The drawback of universal quantum computation with single photons is its probabilistic nature that increases the technological complexity to obtain complete on chip integration of all necessary components to prepare, manipulate and measure quantum states of light. On the other hand, quantum information processing with continuous variables is completely deterministic. Therefore, in the second part of this work we report design, fabrication and experimental verification of an integrated source of broadband squeezed state of light on a photonic chip. We numerically investigate the amount of obtained squeezing and spurious noise that prevents us to observe shot noise reduction at short sideband frequencies. Additionally, we propose a design to extend our work towards hybridization with discrete variables to obtain qubits that can be protected against errors.