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Long-term Frequency Stability of Chip-Scale Atomic Clocks

Vladislav P. Gerginov, Svenja A. Knappe, Vishal Shah, Peter D. D. Schwindt, Leo W. Hollberg, John E. Kitching

Published Jan 26, 2006• 0 citations
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We demonstrate the implementation of a Rb87 chip-scale atomic clock (CSAC) that has improved long-term stability. A simple method of reducing the frequency drift in the CSAC is proposed. As well as the well-known effect of light intensity on the clock frequency, our analysis shows that the frequency drift that is due to laser frequency detuning (LFD) variation originates from asymmetry in the coherent laser fields, and thus, we propose to actively compensate the clock frequency by using variations in the light intensity and LFD. We performed experiments to obtain precise clock frequency sensitivities to the light intensity and LFD, and the frequency drift was reduced from 7.1×10−11/day to 6.9×10−13/day with the frequency compensation method. Additionally, the CSAC with an optimized configuration of light intensity and microwave power showed evident long-term frequency stability improvement, from 8.9×10−11 to 8.7×10−12 at 105 s. Therefore, our method is useful in reducing the frequency drift of CSACs and could be potentially used in applications that require moderate long-term stability of sub-1×10−11.
We report on progress in the characterization of systematic shifts in chip-scale atomic beam clocks, which offer the potential for improved long-term stability relative to existing chip-scale atomic clocks. Previous work has demonstrated the key features of chip-scale atomic beam devices including the use of a microfabricated Si/glass atomic beam cell, passively maintained vacuum environment, and an integrated Rb atomic beam source. A beam clock has been realized using Ramsey coherent population trapping interrogation with a demonstrated short-term fractional frequency stability of ≈ 1.2 × 10^(-9)at 1 s of integration. In this talk, we discuss the path toward long-term stabilty in chip-scale atomic beam clocks and leading clock systematics. Chip-scale atomic beams are a new platform for quantum sensing which offer the potential for long-term stability in compact, low-power applications.
We discuss the long-term stability of the NIST chip-scale atomic clock (CSAC) physics packages. We identify the major factors that currently limit the frequency stability of our CSAC packages after 100 s. The requirements for the stability of the vapor cell and laser temperature, local magnetic field, and local oscillator output power are evaluated. Due to the small size of CSAC physics package assemblies, advances MEMS packaging techniques for vacuum sealing and thermal isolation can be used to achieve the temperature stability goals. We discuss various ideas on how to aid temperature control solutions over wide variations in ambient temperature by implementing atom-based stabilization schemes. Control of environment-related frequency instabilities will be critical for successful insertion of CSACs into portable instruments in the areas of navigation and communication.