Quantum theory verified by experiment

Louis de Broglie

Arindam Mitra

No theory of physics has been collectively scientifically verified in an experiment so far. It is pointed out that probabilistic structure of quantum theory can be collectively scientifically verified in an experiment. It is also argued that experimentalist point of view quantum theory is a complete theory.

Ragib A. Khan

Albert Einstein was one of the key architects of the Quantum Mechanics theory. His Theory of Relativity was a deterministic one. In 1927, Werner Heisenberg proposed his Uncertainty Principle, a key piece of quantum theory, which was indeterministic. With this, indeterminism was introduced to the scientific world. Einstein protested Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle, and in 1935, to defend determinism, Einstein published a thought experiment: the famous EPR (Einstein Podolsky Rosen) theory along with Nathan Rosen and Boris Podolsky. In 1964, John Stuart Bell intensively reviewed the EPR theory. To verify the correctness of EPR theory, he proposed another thought experiment which would need a mechanical set up. In 1967, Carl Kocher first performed a mechanical experiment to verify Bell's theory. Subsequently, John Clauser and Alain Aspect made several modifications of Carl Kocher's experiment and did not find any hidden variables, which substantiated Bell’s theory. In 1993, C.H. Bennett and his team proposed the theoretical Quantum Teleportation concept. Indeed, in 1997, through experiment, Popescu and his team, and Zeilinger and his team independently proved that quantum teleportation is possible. In 2022, for their contribution to quantum mechanics, John Clauser, Alain Aspect, and Anton Zeilinger were ararded the Nobel Prize in physics.

Charles Paul Enz

F. Romanelli

Bowen Liu

Contradiction between theory and experiment is a threat to the theory. People have paid their attention to regular contradiction (between theory and single experiment) and have found no serious threat. We first propose holistic contradiction, in which one major law of nature (called the bad law) conflicts with each and every quantum experiment. (A) We prove the existence of holistic contradiction (extrinsic-intrinsic contradiction). We show that all known experiments overturn traditional classification of matter and grand unified intrinsic reference space. Namely, the holistic contradiction means that every experiment ever performed by human confirms that (a) the classification of matter depends upon the operability, but not upon the description of larger matter in terms of smaller matter; (b) quantum form we observe is extrinsic but not intrinsic expression of micro-matter; (c) intrinsic and primitive reference system is human’s operable classical one but not reference system in micro-scale. The method of proof is traditional, i.e., verification one-by-one experimentally. (B) The holistic contradiction is the biggest threat to quantum physics, because overturning old classification of matter and the uniqueness of intrinsic system means breaking the supporting structure of quantum physics. We present effects of the breaking on quantum theories in three ways. (1) It is commonly accepted that the Copenhagen interpretation (i.e., CI) is philosophical, and to verify it seems to be impossible, since verifying “reality is restricted to observation” seems to be beyond human capabilities. However, we complete the crucial step of verifying CI. The key to our proof is the disproof of the bad law. (2) Overthrowing old classification of matter makes position of the Standard Model in physics to be greatly reduced, since mapping relation between intrinsic and extrinsic form of micro-matter becomes top thesis in quantum theory. This requires reorganizing the Standard Model such that group SU expresses only extrinsic but not the ultimate blocks. Overthrowing the uniqueness of intrinsic system gives evidence against the string theory, since the extrinsic features of quantum form is incompatible to geometry of string theory. (3) We give a simulation model and show that the relevance between intrinsic and extrinsic system is the key ingredient for producing the abstract state space and probability contribution.