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The Quantum Entanglement Theory and the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics

Ragib A. Khan

Published Apr 26, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Albert Einstein was one of the key architects of the Quantum Mechanics theory. His Theory of Relativity was a deterministic one. In 1927, Werner Heisenberg proposed his Uncertainty Principle, a key piece of quantum theory, which was indeterministic. With this, indeterminism was introduced to the scientific world. Einstein protested Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle, and in 1935, to defend determinism, Einstein published a thought experiment: the famous EPR (Einstein Podolsky Rosen) theory along with Nathan Rosen and Boris Podolsky. In 1964, John Stuart Bell intensively reviewed the EPR theory. To verify the correctness of EPR theory, he proposed another thought experiment which would need a mechanical set up. In 1967, Carl Kocher first performed a mechanical experiment to verify Bell's theory. Subsequently, John Clauser and Alain Aspect made several modifications of Carl Kocher's experiment and did not find any hidden variables, which substantiated Bell’s theory. In 1993, C.H. Bennett and his team proposed the theoretical Quantum Teleportation concept. Indeed, in 1997, through experiment, Popescu and his team, and Zeilinger and his team independently proved that quantum teleportation is possible. In 2022, for their contribution to quantum mechanics, John Clauser, Alain Aspect, and Anton Zeilinger were ararded the Nobel Prize in physics.

DOI
10.5281/zenodo.7868703

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Albert Einstein was one of the key architects of the Quantum Mechanics theory. His Theory of Relativity was a deterministic one. In 1927, Werner Heisenberg proposed his Uncertainty Principle, a key piece of quantum theory, which was indeterministic. With this, indeterminism was introduced to the scientific world. Einstein protested Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle, and in 1935, to defend determinism, Einstein published a thought experiment: the famous EPR (Einstein Podolsky Rosen) theory along with Nathan Rosen and Boris Podolsky. In 1964, John Stuart Bell intensively reviewed the EPR theory. To verify the correctness of EPR theory, he proposed another thought experiment which would need a mechanical set up. In 1967, Carl Kocher first performed a mechanical experiment to verify Bell's theory. Subsequently, John Clauser and Alain Aspect made several modifications of Carl Kocher's experiment and did not find any hidden variables, which substantiated Bell’s theory. In 1993, C.H. Bennett and his team proposed the theoretical Quantum Teleportation concept. Indeed, in 1997, through experiment, Popescu and his team, and Zeilinger and his team independently proved that quantum teleportation is possible. In 2022, for their contribution to quantum mechanics, John Clauser, Alain Aspect, and Anton Zeilinger were ararded the Nobel Prize in physics.
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2022 was awarded to three experiment physicists: Alain Aspect, John F. Clauser and Anton Zeilinger, for their contributions to “experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science”. In this paper, the history, basics, and applications related with the Bell inequalities are reviewed. The discussion of fundamental issues on quantum mechanics dated back to the year 1927 when the fifth Solvay conference was held, highlighting intense arguments between Albert Einstein and Niels Bohr. At the time, Einstein expressed, publicly for the first time, his critical attitude towards quantum mechanics. While the arguments did not reach a decisive conclusion, Bohr’s probabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics, the Copenhagen interpretation, had since been well circulated among the community. Einstein’s arguments with Bohr lasted many years after the conference. The arguably most famous one was the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox, proposed in a 1935 paper written by the three authors. They stated, by flawless reasoning, that quantum mechanics is ‘incomplete’. Bohr replied immediately. So did Erwin Schrödinger, who, in particular, coined the term ‘entangled’ for the first time to describe the bizarre quantum mechanical property. Nevertheless, the EPR paper received few citations at its publication, until 1990’s when quantum information science started blossoming. From today’s perspective, the paper resembles the ‘sleeping beauty’ who slumbered for decades before fully awakening. It has been widely accepted that it was John S. Bell who eventually resolved the EPR paradox. But many important figures before him should not go unnoticed, including John A. Wheeler, Chien-Shiung Wu, David Bohm, to name a few. In 1964, Bell wrote down a mathematical inequality which satisfies local hidden variable theory but which can be violated in quantum mechanics. The significance is that Bell’s inequality brings the rather philosophic debates on the EPR paradox down to be experimentally testable. Hence, an experiment is here appealing, as is the case in all fields of physics. To the end, John F. Clauser, alongside Stuart J. Freedman, conducted an experiment in 1972 to test a Bell inequality, the Bell-Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality, proposed by him and his collaborators in 1969. The results, however, leaves loopholes open. One of the loopholes was closed in a later experiment led by Alain Aspect in 1982. The Bell-CHSH inequality was later tested under a much stricter condition by Anton Zeilinger’s team. Two most important loopholes were both closed by three teams in 2015 independently. Zeilinger’s team was among them. Almost all experiments to date have confirmed quantum mechanical predictions. Zeilinger’s team also performed the first teleportation of unknown quantum states, the first entanglement swapping, along with other contributions pioneering the quantum information science. In retrospect, the foundational study of quantum theory has been developed over a century. It once drew much of quantum physics founders’ attention, went virtually unnoticed while other physical fields advanced, had for quite a while been considered to have very weak relationship with major physics, and finally revived in recent decades leading to rapid progress in quantum information science and quantum technology. We believe that the Nobel Prize in Physics this year is not only an award and recognition to past achievements, but also heralds a new era of science in future.
The Nobel Prize in Physics for the year 2022 was awarded to the three physicists: the French Alain Aspect, the American John F. Clauser and the Austrian Anton Zeilinger for their pioneering work in quantum physics experimentation. The three physicists were rewarded for their decisive experiments concerning entanglement quantum states, which will open up new horizons for the quantum computing, quantum coded-communication, quantum network etc. Thus the three physicists have highlighted the property that Einstein never wanted to admit and he has regarded it as a strange action. Quantum theory did really develop until the 1920s years, knowing that it took the probabilistic bent, and as result, the physicists who gave it its first germs found themselves in disagreement with their own points of view. On the one hand, Bohr and with him the Copenhagen point of view and Einstein with EPR point of view, which where at the heart of a debate that took the form of controversy that only erupted with the death of one of the protagonist, Einstein which is the first to have imagined the entanglement property.
Expository paper providing a historical survey of the gradual transformation of the "philosophical discussions" between Bohr, Einstein and Schrödinger on foundational issues in quantum mechanics into a quantitative prediction of a new quantum effect, its experimental verification and its proposed (and loudly advertised) applications. The basic idea of the 1935 paper of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) was reformulated by David Bohm for a finite dimensional spin system. This allowed John Bell to derive his inequalities that separate the prediction of quantum entanglement from its possible classical interpretation. We reproduce here their later (1971) version, reviewing on the way the generalization (and mathematical derivation) of Heisenberg's uncertainty relations (due to Weyl and Schrödinger) needed for the passage from EPR to Bell. We also provide an improved derivation of the quantum theoretic violation of Bell's inequalities. Soon after the experimental confirmation of the quantum entanglement (culminating with the work of Alain Aspect) it was Feynman who made public the idea of a quantum computer based on the observed effect.