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Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research

The security of quantum cryptography

Justin C. Miller

Published Jan 1, 2004• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

A common desire in today's world is that of security. Whether it is keeping your e-mail private or stopping the government from hacking into your computer, the idea behind cryptography is to communicate between two parties in different locations, and to secure this information from outsiders. During the last half century there have been numerous advances in encryption schemes and also in the machines that process such information. Modern encryption algorithms have become increasingly more complex with advances in computers and technology, and encryption algorithms such as RSA and DES have been presented as algorithms that have remained secure for decades. These recent advances in encryption schemes will be examined in the first part of this paper. On the other hand, because the security of classical ciphers relies on the secrecy of a key, advances in research and computing may begin to compromise the security of these cryptosystems, as quantum computers would be capable of mathematical calculations that could break many modern encryption algorithms. Unlike classical cryptosystems, quantum cryptography obeys the laws of quantum physics, resulting in a much stronger, provable security. Many great advances have come in recent decades, and the latter part of this paper deals with these advances as well as the phenomena of quantum physics, the evolution of quantum computing, and the study of quantum cryptography.

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A common desire in today's world is that of security. Whether it is keeping your e-mail private or stopping the government from hacking into your computer, the idea behind cryptography is to communicate between two parties in different locations, and to secure this information from outsiders. During the last half century there have been numerous advances in encryption schemes and also in the machines that process such information. Modern encryption algorithms have become increasingly more complex with advances in computers and technology, and encryption algorithms such as RSA and DES have been presented as algorithms that have remained secure for decades. These recent advances in encryption schemes will be examined in the first part of this paper. On the other hand, because the security of classical ciphers relies on the secrecy of a key, advances in research and computing may begin to compromise the security of these cryptosystems, as quantum computers would be capable of mathematical calculations that could break many modern encryption algorithms. Unlike classical cryptosystems, quantum cryptography obeys the laws of quantum physics, resulting in a much stronger, provable security. Many great advances have come in recent decades, and the latter part of this paper deals with these advances as well as the phenomena of quantum physics, the evolution of quantum computing, and the study of quantum cryptography.
In recent years Quantum Cryptography gets more attention as well as becomes most promising cryptographic field for faster, effective and more secure communications. Quantum Cryptography is an art of science which overlap quantum properties of light under quantum mechanics on cryptographic task instead of current state of algorithms based on mathematical computing technology. Major algorithms for public key encryption and some digital signature scheme such as RSA, El Gamal cryptosystem, hash function are vulnerable at quantum adversaries. Most of the factoring problem can be broken by Shore's algorithm and quantum computer threatens other hand discrete logarithm problem. Our paper describes why modern cryptography contributes quantum cryptography, security issues and future goals of modern cryptography.
In Our daily life we are getting very much dependent on Internet or Virtual Reality. They are nothing but an illusion of a Cyberspace. It has effect on our every aspect of life, like Education, Sports, and Health etc. We are using the term Cryptography which is the science of using mathematics to encrypt and decrypt data. We had used various Encryption standards in back days namely, DES, AES, RSA, Elliptical AES etc. But nowadays we are using Quantum Cryptography for this. It is nothing but use of Physics (mainly Quantum Physics) for Encrypting the data. In this Research paper we will mainly focus on the new approaches that come in the path of Quantum Cryptography. We will also view some interaction of Quantum Cryptography in future Internet services. Quantum computing is yet to be explored but still the explored part has the capabilities to counter the “alien” hacking protocols if tested over any System. Older System were using protocols like RSA, AES, DES even some of them are more capable than our need, but the use of QC will not only secure the systems but there are major chances that eavesdropper got caught while eavesdropping. Also QC is a pathway to secure communication. This paper includes the review of older state of Quantum Cryptography which will give us information about QKD algorithms and its protocol and we will also overview on its risk and security features. We will also provide a glimpse of current various works going in various Educational Institutions.
Several big companies already developed working prototypes of quantum computers, however they are not powerful enough to perform complicated calculations and are very massive, just like the first models of conventional computers in the twentieth century. However, the process of improvement is progressing fast. The growth of quantum computers might take another five or ten years, maybe less, and those machines will be able to help scientists to solve difficult problems. On the other hand, they will endanger some popular cryptographic protocols. \n \nCryptologists around the world are working on an encryption system that will allow people to stay confidential, even when very fast quantum computers will appear. This new type of encryption is differing from every known type of ciphering. It may give people absolute information security. In theory, this new method does not have any weaknesses. Unlike other encryption methods which are based on mathematical functions, the new encryption system is based on a Quantum Physics laws, the same laws which are the foundation of quantum computers. The name of this system is quantum cryptography. \n \nThe main purpose of this work was to research different types of the conventional cryptographic algorithms and the quantum cryptographic algorithms, and a possible future of cryptography.
In the era of information technology the need for secure communication has become increasingly important. Cryptography is a technology for creating the core of information security we use cryptography for making data secure which is the science of information protection from unauthorized interception and tempering. Most modern cryptographic studies design cryptosystems and algorithms using mathematical concepts which are based either on factorization or on discrete logarithm problem. In recent years quantum information research has lead to the discovery of a number of remarkable new paradigms for information processing and communication. These developments include quantum cryptography schemes that offer unconditionally secure information transport guaranteed by quantum-mechanical laws, which provide protection of system security, and optimization of system efficiency and detects intrusion and wiretap. Today quantum cryptography is used in various application for transferring secure data without the fear of keys being compromised. This paper reviews the various areas where quantum  cryptography is successfully implemented, its advantages disadvantages & technical issues.
Security knowledge is one of the foremost challenges in the present day. When the topic is about Information security, the concept of cryptography comes into the picture. Every day, people and organizations use cryptography to maintain the confidentiality of their communications and data as well as to preserve their privacy. Today, one of the most successful methods used by businesses to protect their storage systems, whether at rest or in transit, is cryptography. Yet, cryptography is an effective technique to secure the data, the modern technology can break the cryptographic techniques. But some data encryption algorithms are several times stronger than today's conventional cryptography and can be constructed using quantum computing. They are "Quantum Cryptographic Algorithms ". Quantum cryptography uses the rules of quantum physics instead of classical encryption, which is based on mathematics, to protect and transmit data in a way that cannot be intercepted. Quantum key distribution is the greatest illustration of quantum cryptography and offers a safe solution to the key exchange issue. The proposed work deals with quantum cryptography and mainly focuses on how the quantum cryptographic algorithm is more secure than traditional cryptography.
In the last few decades, cryptographic algorithms have been based on the fundamental operation of factoring large integers into their primes, which is considered to be “INTRACTABLE,” but contemporary cryptography is vulnerable to both technological advancements in computing power and mathematical advances that enable swift reversal of one-way functions like that of factoring large integers. Therefore, the approach is to include quantum physics into encryption, which results in an assessment of quantum cryptography. One of the newest areas in the realm of computer science is quantum cryptography. By using the principles ofquantum physics, two parties can use this important technology to protect network connections.The principles of quantum mechanics provide a theoretical foundation for highly securecommunication systems. This paper summarizes the current state of quantum cryptography,the implementation of this technology in real-world applications, and finally the direction inwhich the quantum cryptography is headed forward. Quantum cryptography (QC) is basedon two key aspects of quantum mechanics: first one is the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principleand second one is the Principle of Photon Polarization. To provide a unified perspective ofsecure communication technologies, this survey introduces a taxonomy that relates classical,modern, and quantum cryptographic paradigms and classifies major quantum cryptographicprimitives, protocols, and emerging quantum networking technologies.