In Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs), routing protocols directly affect various indices of network Quality of Service (QoS), so they play an important role in network performance. To address the drawbacks associated with traditional routing protocols in MANETs, such as poor anti-fading performance and slow convergence rate, for basic Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), propose a new routing model based on improved Grover’s searching algorithm. In this paper, a hybrid approach that combines quantum walks with Grover search is proposed so that the search is accelerated and optimum is found with fewer numbers of iterations. By taking advantage of quantum tunneling effect, local barriers are overcome and better threshold values can be found, especially at the early stage of search process. The new algorithm based on the formalism of continuous-time quantum walk is demonstrated. With this new routing model, each node maintains a node vector function, and all the nodes can obtain a node probability vector using improved Grover’s algorithm, and then select an optimal routing according to node probability. Simulation results show that compared with DSR, this new routing protocol can effectively extend the network lifetime, as well as reduce the network delay and the number of routing hops. The results between the new algorithm and the state-of-the-art Grover search method are also compared.
In Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs), routing protocols directly affect various indices of network Quality of Service (QoS), so they play an important role in network performance. To address the drawbacks associated with traditional routing protocols in MANETs, such as poor anti-fading performance and slow convergence rate, for basic Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), propose a new routing model based on improved Grover’s searching algorithm. In this paper, a hybrid approach that combines quantum walks with Grover search is proposed so that the search is accelerated and optimum is found with fewer numbers of iterations. By taking advantage of quantum tunneling effect, local barriers are overcome and better threshold values can be found, especially at the early stage of search process. The new algorithm based on the formalism of continuous-time quantum walk is demonstrated. With this new routing model, each node maintains a node vector function, and all the nodes can obtain a node probability vector using improved Grover’s algorithm, and then select an optimal routing according to node probability. Simulation results show that compared with DSR, this new routing protocol can effectively extend the network lifetime, as well as reduce the network delay and the number of routing hops. The results between the new algorithm and the state-of-the-art Grover search method are also compared.
One of the significant breakthroughs in quantum computation is Grover's algorithm for unsorted database search. Recently, the applications of Grover's algorithm to solve global optimization problems have been demonstrated, where unknown optimum solutions are found by iteratively improving the threshold value for the selective phase shift operator in Grover rotation. In this paper, a hybrid approach that combines continuous-time quantum walks with Grover search is proposed so that the search is accelerated with improved threshold values. By taking advantage of the quantum tunneling effect, better threshold values can be found at the early stage of the search process so that the sharpness of probability improves. The results between the new algorithm, existing Grover search, and classical heuristic algorithms are compared.
One of the significant breakthroughs in quantum computation is Grover’s algorithm for unsorted database search. Recently, the applications of Grover’s algorithm to solve global optimization problems have been demonstrated, where unknown optimum solutions are found by iteratively improving the threshold value for the selective phase shift operator in Grover rotation. In this paper, a hybrid approach that combines continuous-time quantum walks with Grover search is proposed. By taking advantage of quantum tunneling effect, local barriers are overcome and better threshold values can be found at the early stage of search process. The new algorithm based on the formalism is demonstrated with benchmark examples of global optimization. The results between the new algorithm and the Grover search method are also compared.
Due to the mobility, service discovery and service selection in Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET), the routing protocol of MANET must adapt to the rapid changes of the network structure, and ensure that the services will be available to the users as quickly as possible.This paper proposes a kind of new quantum based MANET with the help of which service discovery will be fast enough that the user will not get a break in connection and swap over multiple services very fast with the help of quantum bits.By embedding MANET with quantum computing bits, it can effectively reduce the time for service selection, improve the delivery rate of data packets, and reduce the time delay of switching between services.The goal of this work is to shed light on the challenges and the open problems of the Quantum bits dealing with MANET design.To this aim, we first introduce some basic knowledge of Quantum mechanics, MANET needed to understand the differences between a MANET and the design we are thinking quantum MANET.Then, we introduce quantum bits as the key strategy for service swapping without physically transferring the particle that stores the quantum information.Finally, we will introduce the challenges that can be faced while transferring data over quantum bits.
This paper presents a novel approach to optimizing Grover’s algorithm for addressing the routing problem in quantum wireless communication networks. We begin by conducting a comprehensive analysis of key quantum communication technologies, including quantum teleportation and quantum entanglement swapping, and subsequently construct a quantum wireless communication network model grounded in these principles. Building on this foundation, we design and implement a multi-level quantum wireless network information transmission mechanism, incorporating quantum channels for identity authentication to ensure secure communication. Focusing on the routing challenges in quantum wireless communication networks, we propose innovative applications and optimizations of Grover’s quantum search algorithm. Specifically, we introduce an improved algorithm that efficiently searches for routing paths with maximal metrics within a limited number of hops. This enhancement not only significantly increases routing efficiency but also mitigates the risk of quantum channel disconnection caused by the depletion of entangled quantum pairs, thereby improving the overall success rate of communication. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed optimization algorithm substantially enhances the routing performance of quantum wireless communication networks while maintaining robust security measures. This study offers a new solution to the routing challenges in quantum wireless communication networks and significantly optimizes Grover’s algorithm, contributing to the development of more efficient and reliable quantum communication networks.
This paper investigates the application of quantum walks to routing protocols within wireless networks. Traditional routing algorithms often struggle with efficiency and convergence speed, particularly in dynamic and complex network topologies. We propose a novel approach utilizing quantum walk principles to explore network connectivity and identify optimal routes. Our methodology employs a quantum walk algorithm to simulate network traversal, leveraging quantum superposition and interference to potentially achieve faster convergence and reduced latency compared to classical approaches. The core of the system relies on a discrete-time quantum walk on a graph representing the wireless network, where nodes are the walkers and edges represent communication links. The algorithm aims to minimize the walk length, effectively finding the shortest path between source and destination nodes. We present a theoretical framework and outline the key components of a quantum walk-based routing protocol. While this research focuses on the theoretical aspects and does not include experimental validation, it lays the foundation for future work exploring the practical feasibility and performance benefits of quantum walk routing in real-world wireless network scenarios.
Algorithms and data structures are important in information technology (particularly in 6G terahertz wireless communications), logistics, transportation, and route planning in medicine. One of the fundamental algorithms that find application in many practical problems is the shortest path algorithm. The shortest path algorithm is used to find the optimal route between two vertices while minimizing the length or number of intermediate nodes. This problem is one of the 21 NP-hard problems formulated by Richard Karp in 1972. It still poses a serious challenge to science, since there is no polynomial algorithm that can provide an exact solution to this problem. The article considers approaches to solving the problem of finding the shortest path on a graph, and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. Various algorithms, such as the Bellman-Ford algorithm, Dijkstra, and the A* algorithm, are considered; their efficiency and applicability in various situations are analyzed. Issues of optimization of shortest path algorithms are discussed, such as the use of heuristics, graph preprocessing, and other methods that can improve the performance and accuracy of algorithms. The article proposes an optimization of Dijkstra’s algorithm with quantum acceleration. The stability of the quantum algorithm and the magnitude of distortions in a circuit with a different number of qubits are estimated. It is shown that with an increase in the intensity of distortions, the probability of detecting the desired element decreases, and the time spent on its search increases. When using Grover’s algorithm to optimize a path in a quantum network, these interferences cause an increase in the time it takes to find the optimal path and an increase in the probability of choosing an incorrect route. It is shown that an increase in the number of qubits and, accordingly, the number of iterations makes the algorithm more stable. It is demonstrated that the stability of Grover’s algorithm for circuits with a large number of qubits has a similar nature. The work of quantum circuits on 9, 10 and 11 qubits, the difference in the probabilities of correct operation differs by less than 10–3. Thus, from the obtained dependencies, it is possible to predict the nature of such an influence on circuits with an even larger number of qubits, the stability of which cannot be studied due to the insufficient computing power of classical computers. The most efficient way to modify Dijkstra’s algorithm is to replace the priority queue in the classical version of the algorithm with some quantum data structure that finds the minimum element for the next iteration of the algorithm. Despite the fact that quantum search does not provide a potential gain in asymptotics, another quantum modification of Dijkstra’s algorithm can be used. Namely, instead of maintaining and searching for a minimum in the priority queue, use the quantum algorithm immediately to search for a vertex that needs to be added to the shortest path tree, which will additionally acceleration the graph traversal by Dijkstra’s algorithm.