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Diamond and Related Materials

Quantitative analysis of spectral characteristics and concentration of ensembles of NV− centers in diamond

Xiaoming Zhang, Sheng-Yi Wang, Yun‐Bo Shi, Hua Yuan, Zongmin Ma, Fang Wang, Lin Zhao-dong, Li Q, Jun Liu

Published Apr 7, 2017• 18 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/j.diamond.2017.03.020

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Abstract The concentration and distribution of negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy color centers (NV−) directly affect the sensitivity and resolution of quantum sensing. In this paper, a simple method is proposed to estimate the concentration of the ensemble of NV− centers with spin coherent manipulation. The stray fluorescence is eliminated by separating the fluorescence near the NV− zero-phonon line. By introducing a single NV− fluorescence quantitative model, the number of NV− centers in the diamond under test can be obtained. The average concentration of the ensemble of NV− centers in the sample can be obtained by combining the detection volume. Compared with the results measured by electron spin resonance, the concentration of NV− centers measured by our method can be verified, and the maximum error between the two methods is less than 4.3%. The results show that the method provides an effective reference for accurately characterizing the concentration distribution characteristics of the NV− ensemble.
Abstract We report an investigation of spectral and temporal properties of NV¯ centers in diamond plates fabricated from a single HPHT crystal but subjected to different electron irradiation doses during postgrowth processing. Samples 52734-1 and 52734-2, each with approximately the same nitrogen concentration of 60 ppm, are irradiated with doses of 1 and 2 × 1018 e‒/cm2, respectively. Particular attention is paid to the effect of irradiation dose on the concentration of NV¯ centers and the associated changes in the spectral and temporal properties of superluminescence under identical conditions of optical excitation with laser radiation at a wavelength of 532 nm. Analysis of the absorption spectra reveals that doubling the irradiation dose results in a 1.4-fold increase in the concentration of NV¯ centers—from 7.7 to 10.9 ppm—with a corresponding decrease in the concentration of isolated nitrogen centers (C centers)—from 49 to 43 ppm. The results demonstrate a nonlinear dependence of the increase in the concentration of NV¯ centers on the irradiation dose and make it possible to identify key characteristics of the samples and pumping conditions that determine the efficiency of superluminescence. Specifically, doubling the irradiation dose results in a threefold increase in the spectral intensity and a significant decrease in the duration of the superluminescence pulses. It is found that to achieve efficient superluminescence, it is important not only to have a significant excess of the concentration of C centers over the concentration of NV¯ centers, but also the absolute concentration of NV¯ centers and pump parameters such as the energy density of the pump pulses and the volume of the sample with a population inversion.
The negatively charged nitrogen−vacancy (NV − ) center ensembles in diamonds offer enormous potential for developing integrated sensors with an improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and high sensitivity. However, the preparation and treatment of diamond samples with suitable NV − concentrations and dephasing time have remained challenging. This work provided insight into the NV − center formation mechanism and reconstruction via a comprehensive analysis of the concentration and dephasing time of a set of diamond samples treated by various parameters. By varying the electron irradiation dose and subsequent annealing duration, the conversion rate of nitrogen to NV − is up to 18.45%, and the corresponding maximum NV − concentration is 3.69 ppm. The dephasing time for all samples varies around 300 ns. The nitrogen-related NV − center ensemble dephasing rate per unit density is 146.4 (ppm·ms) −1 , indicating that the treatment did not substantially alter the paramagnetic spin environment around the NV − center. This study not only offers support to exquisite sensitivities of NV-based sensors but also provides valuable experience for the preparation of unique properties of synthetic diamonds.