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Superconductor Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors: System Model of the Readout Electronics

Valeria Palazzari, Federico Alimenti, L. Roselli, Mariano Ercoli

Published Jun 1, 2009• 0 citations
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Microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) represent a class of low-temperature superconducting detectors employed for observing astronomical phenomena spanning the submillimeter through visible bands. Renowned for their intrinsic frequency-division multiplexing capability at microwave frequencies, MKIDs offer the advantage of eliminating the need for complex cryogenic multiplexing electronics. However, the overall readout architecture remains complex, necessitating sophisticated room-temperature electronics. Optimizing overall performance poses a significant challenge. This article introduces a novel approach to behavioral modeling and simulation for the MKID readout system utilizing Simulink and the RF Blockset library. The models incorporate major nonidealities of electronic components to investigate their impacts on system performance. In addition, the model of the MKID array is included based on measured transmission data, ensuring high simulation accuracy. The simulation tool facilitates the study and high-level design of the MKID readout system before delving into hardware implementation.
Astrophysical photons with a sub-millimetre wavelength are of great value to research star and galaxy formation. Superconductors have a small energy gap with which these sub-millimetre photons can be measured. Superconductors can absorb photons so that quasiparticles are created, which will in turn change the complex conductivity: incoming photons change the electrical response of the superconductor. This principle can be used to realise a detector. This is done with the Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) that consist of a superconducting film embedded in a resonant circuit, so that photons falling in will change the resonant frequency. This can be measured with a readout signal. To enhance the sensitivity of the MKID, we want to increase the responsivity of an MKID as much as possible.A previous study has proposed a figure of merit regarding the material properties of a superconductor to achieve a high responsivity. However, the readout frequency used is not included in this figure. The goal of this work is to extend the figure of merit so that the readout frequency of the MKID can be optimised for a higher responsivity.
This report covers work done at Data Processing and Readout System Development Laboratory at Nazarbayev University implementing data processing algorithm for readout electronics. Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) are photon detectors based on superconducting resonators. MKIDs are capable of detecting single photons with very small energy and micro second time resolutions. With proper readout electronic system it is possible to read arrays of thousands MKIDs using single signal line using frequency domain multiplexing (FDM). This report details the work done developing a laboratory setup for measuring MKIDs and developing code for frequency measurements. All the work was done using readout system based on a Re-configurable Open Archite Computing Hardware (ROACH) FPGA board and The Collaboration for Astronomy Signal Processing and Electronics Research (CASPER) software.