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Quantum Information and Measurement (QIM)

Single-temporal-mode photon generation beyond the low-power regime

Colin J. McKinstrie, Jesper B. Christensen, Karsten K. Rottwitt, M. G. Raymer

Published Jan 1, 2017• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Nondegenerate four-wave mixing in a strongly-birefringent fiber generates signal and idler photons that are associated with only one pair of temporal modes, for a wide range of pump powers. Nonlinear phase modulation degrades the heralded-signal purity only slightly.
DOI
10.1364/qim.2017.qw3c.6

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•Jan 1, 2014•0 citations
Photon pair states and multiple-photon squeezed states have many applications in quantum information science. In this paper, Green functions are derived for spontaneous four-wave mixing in the low- and high-gain regimes. Nondegenerate four-wave mixing in a strongly-birefringent medium generates signal and idler photons that are associated with only one pair of temporal (Schmidt) modes, for a wide range of pump powers and arbitrary pump shapes. The Schmidt coefficients (expected photon numbers) depend sensitively on the pump powers, and the Schmidt functions (shapes of the photon wavepackets) depend sensitively on the pump powers and shapes, which can be controlled.
Abstract Four-wave mixing (FWM) of ultrashort laser pulses in a highly nonlinear photonic-crystal fiber is shown to provide a multimodal source of broadband quantum states of light. In the regime of low pump powers, generation of two-photon states and heralded single photons with a bandwidth up to ≈6 THz is demonstrated within an FWM-sideband tunability range of ≈55 THz. In the modality of heralded single-photon generation, three-detector measurements of the conditional second-order correlation function reveal a strong antibunching in the signal-photon channel, with more than 99.2% of the signal counts identified as truly single-photon states. At high pump powers, two-detector signal-idler correlation function measurements indicate broadband bright squeezed vacuum generation.
This PhD thesis treats applications of nonlinear optical effects for quantum information processing. The two main applications are four-wave mixing in the form of Bragg scattering (BS) for quantum-state-preserving frequency conversion, and sum-frequency generation (SFG) in second-order nonlinear materials for heralded entanglement. BS is shown to be separable in the input and output modes in the low-conversion regime, the regime of small pump powers or short interaction times. The selective frequency conversion of a signal is found to only depend on one of the pumps, while the temporal output of the converted idler depends on the other pump. This allows for temporal-mode-multiplexing. When the effects of nonlinear phase modulation (NPM) are included, the phases of the natural input and output modes are changed, reducing the separability. These effects are to some degree mediated by pre-chirping the pumps. In the high-conversion regime without the effects of NPM, exact Green functions for BS are derived. In this limit, separability is possible for conversion efficiencies up to 60 %. However, the system still allows for selective frequency conversion as well as re-shaping of the output. One way to obtain a 100 % conversion efficiency is to use multiple stages of frequency conversion, but this setup suffers from the combined effects of NPM. This problem is circumvented by using asymmetrically pumped BS, where one pump is continuous wave. For this setup, NPM is found to only lead to linear phase shifts of the input and output modes, corresponding to shifts of the central frequencies of the fields. The trade-off is that one is only able to select which signals are converted, or change the shape of the output idler. Finally, entanglement swapping using SFG was investigated. Considering two pairs of entangled photons, the process of up-converting one photon from each pair leads to heralded entangled pairs by successful detection of the up-converted photon. It was seen that this was indeed possible in the case of anti-correlated phasematching in the up-conversion crystal. Possible ways of increasing the probability of an up-conversion event were investigated briefly.