Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Physical Layer Secret Key Capacity Based on Wireless Channel Parameters

Wang Xu Jin, Liang Song Huawei Huang, Kaizhi

Published Jan 1, 2016• 1 citation
OpenAlex

Abstract

Physical layer secret key capacity is affected by such factors as additive noise, the time difference of channel sampling, terminal's moving speed, sampling period, and the number of samples, whose effects on the physical layer secret key capacity are analyzed quantitatively using the single-input single-output wireless channel over the uniform scattering environment. Specifically, a closed-form solution to the secret key capacity is derived to determine the constraints on the optimal sampling period. Analysis and simulation results reveal that the results can also be applied to the nonuniform scattering environment. Furthermore, the feasibility to utilize the physical layer secret key extraction techniques in the mobile communication systems is verified.

Related papers

Physical Layer Secret Key Capacity Using Correlated Wireless Channel Samples

Xu Wang, Liang Jin, Kaizhi Huang +2 more

When extracting physical layer security secret key with multiple wireless channel samples, its capacity is affected by the time difference of channel sounding, terminal's moving speed, sampling period, the number of samples, and additive noise. In order to quantitatively analyze their effects and determine the constrains on the optimal sampling period, a closed-form solution to the physical layer secret key capacity in the time domain is derived over the uniform scattering environment. Simulation results indicate that the results of this paper can be applied to both the uniform and non-uniform scattering environment. Furthermore, the feasibility to extract physical layer secret key from the commercial TD-LTE and the promising co-frequency co- time full duplex communication systems is verified.

Globecom•Dec 1, 2016•9 citations

Physical Layer Secret Key Capacity of Two Moving Terminals

Xu Wang, Mingliang Li, Liang Jin +1 more

When extracting secret key from shared wireless channel between two legitimate moving terminals, its capacity is affected by the time difference of channel sampling, terminal's mobility, and additive noise. In order to quantitatively analyze their effects, a closed-form solution to physical layer secret key capacity in the time domain is derived over the uniform scattering environment. Afterwards, simulations in the uniform and non-uniform scattering environment are carried out to demonstrate its validity and applicability, respectively. Simula-tion results show that the derivation can be utilized to provide theoretical reference for physical layer secret key extraction between two moving terminals located among dense scatters.

IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference•Jun 1, 2017•0 citations

On Enhancements of Physical Layer Secret Key Generation and Its Application in Wireless Communication Systems

Kang Liu

As an alternative and appealing approach to providing information security in wireless communication systems, secret key generation at physical layer has demonstrated its potential in terms of efficiency and reliability over traditional cryptographic methods. Without the necessity of a management centre for key distribution or reliance on computational complexity, physical layer key generation protocols enable two wireless entities to extract identical and dynamic keys from the randomness of the wireless channels associated with them.\nIn this thesis, the reliability of secret key generation at the physical layer is examined in practical wireless channels with imperfect channel state information (CSI). Theoretical analyses are provided to relate key match rate with channel's signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), degrees of channel reciprocity, and iterations of information reconciliation.\nIn order to increase key match rate of physical layer secret key generation, improved schemes in the steps of channel estimation and sample quantization are proposed respectively. In the channel estimation step, multiple observations of the wireless channels are integrated with a linear processor to provide a synthesized and more accurate estimation of the wireless channel. In the sample quantization step, a magnitude based quantization method with two thresholds is proposed to quantize partial samples, where specific quantization areas are selected to reduce cross-over errors. Significant improvements in key match rate are proven for both schemes in theoretical analysis and numerical simulations. Key match rate can even achieve 100% in both schemes with the assistance of information reconciliation process.\nIn the end, a practical application of physical layer secret key generation is presented, where dynamic keys extracted from the wireless channels are utilized for securing secret data transmission and providing efficient access control.

•Jan 1, 2015•1 citation

Secret Key Capacity of Key Generation in the Slow-Fading Wireless Channels

Yuang Zhang, Liquan Chen, Yufan Song +1 more

This paper investigates the secret key capacity of key generation in the slow-fading wireless channel by considering the temporal correlation between channel measurements in the previous and current frame. We derive the analytical expression of secret key capacity in the slow-fading channel, and propose the design guideline for practical key generation schemes in slow fading channel environments. We systematically analyze the impact of all corresponding parameters on secret key capacity, including sampling period, sampling delay, eavesdroppers' location, signal-to-noise ratio, Doppler spread, and pilot length. Theoretical and simulation results indicate that secret key capacity in the slow fading channel is affected by frame-to-frame correlation and increasing transmission power or sampling period can suppress this effect.

IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference•Mar 24, 2025•0 citations

On secret key generation from multiple observations of wireless channels

Kang Liu, Serguei L. Primak, Xianbin Wang

Secret key generation at physical layer has attracted more and more attentions as an emerging cryptography method. Compared to traditional security approaches, secret key generation at physical layer not only avoids the problem of key distribution, but also holds high efficiency and low complexity in application. Based on the principle of channel reciprocity, Alice and Bob both estimate the channel conditions and extract shared keys from this source of common randomness. In this paper, we first analyze the basic steps (channel estimation, sample quantization and key reconciliation) of secret key generation, key match rate with different quantization levels and key reconciliation times are also simulated. While in practical situations, different non-reciprocity factors affect the channel estimation step, key match rate can be greatly decreased and hardly meet real time cryptography requirements. In order to increase the key match rate, the unified framework of physical layer key generation has been extended to utilizing multiple observations of wireless channels to generate secret keys. An improved key generation approach with multiple observations can well deal with discrepancies between transceivers and keep increasing the key match rate. Theoretical analysis and simulation results both validate the significant improvement due to multiple observations. With an increased number of observations on both sides, the desired key match rate can be achieved much greater than with a single observation, and also the probability of key recovery by Eve can be decreased.

IEEE International Conference on Communication Systems (ICCS)•Nov 1, 2014•5 citations

Mobility-based Physical-layer Key Generation Scheme for D2D Communications Underlaying Cellular Network

Yuelin Du, Jiaming Liu, Mingkai Chen +2 more

Due to extreme confidentiality and low computational load, physical-layer key has set off a revolution in security encryption. However, existing physical layer-key key researches rarely pay attention to the potential value of speed in random source selection. In this paper, we take the mobility characteristics of D2D devices as a random source to design physical-layer key. First of all, we establish a uniform scattering environment model in the cellular network and analyze the impact of D2D device’s speed on the parameters of the wireless channel. On this basis, we propose a mobility-based physical-layer key generation scheme and use Gaussian random vector for key extraction and analysis. Then, we analyze the performance of our scheme, derive the expressions such as key capacity and average key length(ASKL), and compare them with existing solutions through simulation. Finally, the relative results confirm the theoretical derivation and the advantages of our scheme.

International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP)•Oct 1, 2018•0 citations
Physical layer secret key capacity is affected by such factors as additive noise, the time difference of channel sampling, terminal's moving speed, sampling period, and the number of samples, whose effects on the physical layer secret key capacity are analyzed quantitatively using the single-input single-output wireless channel over the uniform scattering environment. Specifically, a closed-form solution to the secret key capacity is derived to determine the constraints on the optimal sampling period. Analysis and simulation results reveal that the results can also be applied to the nonuniform scattering environment. Furthermore, the feasibility to utilize the physical layer secret key extraction techniques in the mobile communication systems is verified.
When extracting physical layer security secret key with multiple wireless channel samples, its capacity is affected by the time difference of channel sounding, terminal's moving speed, sampling period, the number of samples, and additive noise. In order to quantitatively analyze their effects and determine the constrains on the optimal sampling period, a closed-form solution to the physical layer secret key capacity in the time domain is derived over the uniform scattering environment. Simulation results indicate that the results of this paper can be applied to both the uniform and non-uniform scattering environment. Furthermore, the feasibility to extract physical layer secret key from the commercial TD-LTE and the promising co-frequency co- time full duplex communication systems is verified.
When extracting secret key from shared wireless channel between two legitimate moving terminals, its capacity is affected by the time difference of channel sampling, terminal's mobility, and additive noise. In order to quantitatively analyze their effects, a closed-form solution to physical layer secret key capacity in the time domain is derived over the uniform scattering environment. Afterwards, simulations in the uniform and non-uniform scattering environment are carried out to demonstrate its validity and applicability, respectively. Simula-tion results show that the derivation can be utilized to provide theoretical reference for physical layer secret key extraction between two moving terminals located among dense scatters.
As an alternative and appealing approach to providing information security in wireless communication systems, secret key generation at physical layer has demonstrated its potential in terms of efficiency and reliability over traditional cryptographic methods. Without the necessity of a management centre for key distribution or reliance on computational complexity, physical layer key generation protocols enable two wireless entities to extract identical and dynamic keys from the randomness of the wireless channels associated with them.\nIn this thesis, the reliability of secret key generation at the physical layer is examined in practical wireless channels with imperfect channel state information (CSI). Theoretical analyses are provided to relate key match rate with channel's signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), degrees of channel reciprocity, and iterations of information reconciliation.\nIn order to increase key match rate of physical layer secret key generation, improved schemes in the steps of channel estimation and sample quantization are proposed respectively. In the channel estimation step, multiple observations of the wireless channels are integrated with a linear processor to provide a synthesized and more accurate estimation of the wireless channel. In the sample quantization step, a magnitude based quantization method with two thresholds is proposed to quantize partial samples, where specific quantization areas are selected to reduce cross-over errors. Significant improvements in key match rate are proven for both schemes in theoretical analysis and numerical simulations. Key match rate can even achieve 100% in both schemes with the assistance of information reconciliation process.\nIn the end, a practical application of physical layer secret key generation is presented, where dynamic keys extracted from the wireless channels are utilized for securing secret data transmission and providing efficient access control.
This paper investigates the secret key capacity of key generation in the slow-fading wireless channel by considering the temporal correlation between channel measurements in the previous and current frame. We derive the analytical expression of secret key capacity in the slow-fading channel, and propose the design guideline for practical key generation schemes in slow fading channel environments. We systematically analyze the impact of all corresponding parameters on secret key capacity, including sampling period, sampling delay, eavesdroppers' location, signal-to-noise ratio, Doppler spread, and pilot length. Theoretical and simulation results indicate that secret key capacity in the slow fading channel is affected by frame-to-frame correlation and increasing transmission power or sampling period can suppress this effect.
Secret key generation at physical layer has attracted more and more attentions as an emerging cryptography method. Compared to traditional security approaches, secret key generation at physical layer not only avoids the problem of key distribution, but also holds high efficiency and low complexity in application. Based on the principle of channel reciprocity, Alice and Bob both estimate the channel conditions and extract shared keys from this source of common randomness. In this paper, we first analyze the basic steps (channel estimation, sample quantization and key reconciliation) of secret key generation, key match rate with different quantization levels and key reconciliation times are also simulated. While in practical situations, different non-reciprocity factors affect the channel estimation step, key match rate can be greatly decreased and hardly meet real time cryptography requirements. In order to increase the key match rate, the unified framework of physical layer key generation has been extended to utilizing multiple observations of wireless channels to generate secret keys. An improved key generation approach with multiple observations can well deal with discrepancies between transceivers and keep increasing the key match rate. Theoretical analysis and simulation results both validate the significant improvement due to multiple observations. With an increased number of observations on both sides, the desired key match rate can be achieved much greater than with a single observation, and also the probability of key recovery by Eve can be decreased.
Due to extreme confidentiality and low computational load, physical-layer key has set off a revolution in security encryption. However, existing physical layer-key key researches rarely pay attention to the potential value of speed in random source selection. In this paper, we take the mobility characteristics of D2D devices as a random source to design physical-layer key. First of all, we establish a uniform scattering environment model in the cellular network and analyze the impact of D2D device’s speed on the parameters of the wireless channel. On this basis, we propose a mobility-based physical-layer key generation scheme and use Gaussian random vector for key extraction and analysis. Then, we analyze the performance of our scheme, derive the expressions such as key capacity and average key length(ASKL), and compare them with existing solutions through simulation. Finally, the relative results confirm the theoretical derivation and the advantages of our scheme.