It is established that special relativity and quantum mechanics are two very wide apart theories of measurements in modern physics in terms of determinism versus indeterminism. Modern physics accepts indeterminism against classical determinism. But it is remarkable that Einstein's special relativity in its present form alone contains the basic ingredients of quantum theory. Einstein's theory can give a simple theoretical proof of the Planck's quantum hypothesis and can explain the origin of mass out of zero rest mass of photon. This article at the first place shows how to proceed in this path from relativistic energy momentum relations and at the second place it shows the reason of energy and momentum indeterminacy from the framework of relativity. At the last phase the article puts a question on the sustainability of special relativity itself before oscillation of any kind. This paper deals with the matter to the extent special relativity containing quantum theory. Index Terms— Special relativity, simultaneity of events, Planck's quantum theory, energy momentum 4 vector, Heisenberg's indeterminacy principle, concept of mass, ensemble of photon. —————————— a —————————— 1 I NTRODUCTION t is a common belief that the jurisdiction of special relativi- ty and quantum theory are mutually exclusive. In 1900 Max Planck gave his famous quantum hypothesis of light together with the energy- frequency relation . Eh Q In 1905 Einstein gave special relativity. Both the regime went their own way and ultimately clashed each other with the arrival of Heisenberg's indeterminacy principle in 1926. Einstein con- ceded defeat to Bohr ultimately but still believed that quan- tum theory lacks something very serious. But modern physics points clearly to the triumph of Heisenberg's indeterminacy principle in every context. Nonetheless it is worthwhile to mention that the very genesis of quantum theory of light pre- scribed by Eh Q and the very essence of mass can be de- rived even in the frame work of special relativity. Even Ein- stein could get it using his own energy momentum relation. Planck's quantum relation of photon and the construction of mass from an ensemble of photons are indeed inbuilt in Ein- stein's theory. We can even reconcile Heisenberg's principle of indeterminacy with the framework built by Einstein.
It is established that special relativity and quantum mechanics are two very wide apart theories of measurements in modern physics in terms of determinism versus indeterminism. Modern physics accepts indeterminism against classical determinism. But it is remarkable that Einstein's special relativity in its present form alone contains the basic ingredients of quantum theory. Einstein's theory can give a simple theoretical proof of the Planck's quantum hypothesis and can explain the origin of mass out of zero rest mass of photon. This article at the first place shows how to proceed in this path from relativistic energy momentum relations and at the second place it shows the reason of energy and momentum indeterminacy from the framework of relativity. At the last phase the article puts a question on the sustainability of special relativity itself before oscillation of any kind. This paper deals with the matter to the extent special relativity containing quantum theory. Index Terms— Special relativity, simultaneity of events, Planck's quantum theory, energy momentum 4 vector, Heisenberg's indeterminacy principle, concept of mass, ensemble of photon. —————————— a —————————— 1 I NTRODUCTION t is a common belief that the jurisdiction of special relativi- ty and quantum theory are mutually exclusive. In 1900 Max Planck gave his famous quantum hypothesis of light together with the energy- frequency relation . Eh Q In 1905 Einstein gave special relativity. Both the regime went their own way and ultimately clashed each other with the arrival of Heisenberg's indeterminacy principle in 1926. Einstein con- ceded defeat to Bohr ultimately but still believed that quan- tum theory lacks something very serious. But modern physics points clearly to the triumph of Heisenberg's indeterminacy principle in every context. Nonetheless it is worthwhile to mention that the very genesis of quantum theory of light pre- scribed by Eh Q and the very essence of mass can be de- rived even in the frame work of special relativity. Even Ein- stein could get it using his own energy momentum relation. Planck's quantum relation of photon and the construction of mass from an ensemble of photons are indeed inbuilt in Ein- stein's theory. We can even reconcile Heisenberg's principle of indeterminacy with the framework built by Einstein.
This paper takes a look at the two cornerstones of modern physics--Quantum Mechanics and The Theory of Relativity (Both Special and General). The differences and similarities for the two subjects are presented. More of their differences and similarities will emerge with new developments in physics. One can't rule out the possibility of the two being unified into one one fine day. That will herald another triumphant moment in physics. Introduction In 1905, Albert Einstein at the age of twenty-six formulated single-handedly, among others, the Theory of Special Relativity together with his other seminal papers on photoelectricity, Brownian motions of atoms and molecular dimensions. The year has been universally declared the Miraculous Year [1]. Ten years later, he came up with the theory of General Relativity--a new and revolutionary framework on gravity. Meanwhile in Europe a group of young physicists played pivotal role in the birth of Quantum Mechanics. Many of them went on to win Nobel prizes for their monumental contributions. Einstein also won the coveted prize not for Relativity but ironically for Photoelectric Effect. Irony has been part of physics in its history. Relativity with its weird 'Twin Paradox', constancy of the speed of light and the interchangebility between mass and energy (E=[mc.sup.2]) enthralls the public and scientists alike. It provides a way to measure particle masses [2]. The Quantum Theory has its fair share of weirdness and bewilderment. Both Quantum Mechanics and the Theory of Relativity bring forth new ideas in human thoughts. They are among Joanne Baker's 50 physics ideas [3]. Quantum Mechanics and the Theory of Relativity The quantum world where counterintuition reigns supreme is couched in uncertainty as epitomised by Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Things do not behave in a deterministic way as enshrined and expected in classical Newtonian physics. The microscopic world of the electrons was dictated by randomness and indeterminacy. Albert Einstein was appalled by such dictates that he famously declared: 'God does not play dice with the universe.' The famous Danish physicist Neils Bohr sprang to his feet by saying: 'Stop telling God what to do with his dice.' The sparring between the two stalwarts in physics is legendary. According to Trefil [4], there are a couple of things that need to be said about the uncertainty principle: it does not imply that we cannot know either the position or the velocity of a particle, and it does not require the presence of a conscious mind. Marcus Chown [5] wraps up by saying 'The bitter irony, not lost on Einstein, was that he was the one who, by postulating the existence of the photon, had inadvertently set loose the genie of randomness of physics. The two theories of relativity by Einstein are not couched in randomness however. According to Smoot [6], both implied a radically new cosmology. Many people are of the opinion that with Einstein's theory of relativity, old classical physics is no more in vogue. According to Angier [7], Albert Einstein did not prove that Isaac Newton was wrong. Instead, he showed that Newton's theories of motion and gravity were incomplete, and that new equations were needed to explain the behavior of objects under extreme circumstances, such as when tiny particles travel at or near the speed of light. …
In the 20th century, two new terms were added to the scientific lexicon: relativistic mechanics and quantum mechanics. The challenge to the concept of the absoluteness of space and time started at the end of the 19th century and gave birth to Einstein's special relativity theory in 1905. This unified space and time to a single entity, space–time, and we have been introduced to many new concepts such as time dilation, space contraction, mass–energy relation, and the space–time continuum in relativity theory. We have also learned that the highest possible velocity in this universe is that of light and that nothing in the universe can move faster than light. Einstein's general theory of relativity took into consideration gravitation and established the chronogeometric concept of gravity. Quantum mechanics developed by Bohr, de Broglie, Heisenberg, Schrödinger, and others gave us knowledge in the atomic and subatomic domain and led to the wave–particle duality of de Broglie, the uncertainty principle of Heisenberg, the wave mechanics of Schrödinger, and so forth. We have learned that three distinct chords are at the heart of quantum mechanics—granularity, relational, and indeterminism. Although quantum mechanics is a weird subject, as we will discuss, the modern physics is totally based on it.
In this paper, we will revisit the derivation of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. We will see how the Heisenberg principle collapses at the Planck scale by introducing a minor modification. The beauty of our suggested modification is that it does not change the main equations in quantum mechanics; it only gives them a Planck scale limit where uncertainty collapses. We suspect that Einstein could have been right after all, when he stated, ``God does not throw dice." His now-famous saying was an expression of his skepticism towards the concept that quantum randomness could be the ruling force, even at the deepest levels of reality. Here we will explore the quantum realm with a fresh perspective, by re-deriving the Heisenberg principle in relation to the Planck scale. We will show how this idea also leads to an upper boundary on uncertainty, in addition to the lower boundary. These upper and lower boundaries are identical for the Planck mass particle; in fact, they are zero, and this highlights the truly unique nature of the Planck mass particle. Further, there may be a close connection between light and the Planck mass particle: In our model, the standard relativistic energy momentum relation also seems to apply to light, while in modern physics light generally stands outside the standard relativistic momentum energy relation. We will also suggest a new way to look at elementary particles, where mass and time are closely related, consistent with some of the recent work in experimental physics. Our model leads to a new time operator that does not appear to be in conflict with the Pauli objection. This indicates that both mass and momentum come in quanta, which are perfectly correlated to an internal Compton `clock' frequency in elementary particles.
The theory of Observational Relativity (OR) is a new theory in physics. For ease of understanding, the author reports the significant discoveries and new insights of OR to physicists and readers in the form of serial reports. Now, OR Serial Report 6 reports that, similar to relativistic effects, the quantum effects in the quantum mechanics based on Planck's quantum hypothesis, including wave-like nature and uncertainty, are also sorts of observational effects. But the difference is that relativistic phenomena are caused by the observational locality of observation agents, while quantum phenomena are caused by the observational perturbation of observation agents. The OR axiom system, taking the definition of OR time as the most basic premise or first principle, has not only deduced the theory of OR, including the inertial OR (IOR) and the gravitational OR (GOR), but also deduced the theory of observational quantum (OQ). The theory of ORQ is that of the general observation agent. The informons of observation agents with momentum and energy must perturb the observed object P, causing P to exhibit quantum effects. The theory of OQ has discovered that Planck's quantum theory is a theory of optical observation, i.e., a special case of the theory of OQ, in which the quantum effects, including wave-like nature and uncertainty, are observational effects caused by the perturbation of the informons (photons) of the optical agent, not the intrinsic nature of the physical world or P; the Planck constant h is not a cosmological constant, but rather the energy-frequency ratio of photons, representing the minimum scale or resolution for the optical agent to determine the mass, momentum and energy of P. Now, the whole theoretical system of ORQ has not only generalized and unified Newtonian mechanics and Einstein's theory of relativity, but also generalized and unified Einstein's formula E=mc2 and Planck's equation E=hf, marching towards the unification of relativity theory and quantum theory.
This paper proposes mass interaction principle (MIP) as: the particles will be subjected to the random frictionless quantum Brownian motion by the collision of space time particle (STP) prevalent in spacetime. The change in the amount of action of the particles during each collision is an integer multiple of the Planck constant h. The motion of particles under the action of STP is a quantum Markov process. Under this principle, we infer that the statistical inertial mass of a particle is a statistical property that characterizes the difficulty of particle diffusion in spacetime. Starting from this principle, this article has the following six aspects of work: First, we derive the mass-diffusion coefficient uncertainty and the quantized commutation, and derive the most basic coordinate-momentum uncertainty and time-energy uncertainty of quantum mechanics, and then clearly reveal the particle-wave duality, which are properties exhibited by particles collided by STP. Second, we created the three decompositions of particles velocity. The comprehensive property of three velocities deduced the equation of motion of the particle as Schrodinger equation, and made a novel interpretation of Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle and Feynman’s path integral expression. And reexamine the quantum measurement problem, so that the EPR paradox can be explained in a self-consistent manner. Third, we reinterpret the physical origin of quantum spins. Each spacetime random impact not only gives the particle of matter the action of a Planck constant , but also produces the quantum fluctuation properties of the material particles. Futhermore, the quantum spin properties of the material particles are also produced, which reveals the statistical quality of 1/2 spin particles and the coexistence relationship of their spins. The particle spin properties ultimately reflect the spacetime properties of STP and particles, which leads to an important result that any spin 1/2 elementary particles will be massive. Fourth, we derive the physical origin of the special relativity, and prove that the hypothesis of constant speed of light is actually the intrinsic property of spacetime. This naturally leads to the three basic inferences of the special theory of relativity, namely, “mass enhancement”, “time dilation” and “length contraction” effects. Fifth, we can perfectly explain the nature of photons based on the topological and dynamic properties of STP, thus naturally obtain the complete electromagnetic theory and all important properties of charge. Sixth, we naturally derive the gravitation from the interaction of the fundamental particles of microscopic matter, namely the massive fermion and STP. Furthermore, we can judge from the overall perspective of modern physics that the inertia mass of fermions must be equal to the gravitational mass. We have obtained the equivalent principle combined with Newton’s universal gravitation, from which we can derive all the important contents of general relativity. Both inertial mass and gravitational mass are no longer the basic physical quantities. The two are indeed equivalent, which come from the statistical mass of STP collisions. This paper shows that STP can interact with matter particles in space time. The particles of matter are affected by the impact of STP and change their motional state. The mass of a particle is a statistical property exhibited by STP collision. Under the MIP framework of interaction between STP and matter particles, the relativistic quantum electromagnetic and spin properties of particles are all self-consistent. The relativistic behavior and quantum behavior of matter particles with statistical mass are all derived from the collision of STP on matter particles. We have systematically solved all the basic problems of modern physics with MIP, which is the common origin of special theory of relativity, general theory of relativity, electromagnetic theory and quantum mechanics.
One of the most profound and difficult problems of physics in the last century is the construction of a simple theory which unites the ideas of quantum mechanics and relativity. The concepts which are used in quantum mechanics related to the measurements of positions, momenta, energy and time, are the same concepts in terms of which the special relativistic postulates are formulated. Hence, it is at least possible to formulate the requirement of special relativistic invariance for quantum theories and to ascertain whether these requirements are satisfied. The fact that the answer is nearer to no than to yes, that quantum mechanics has not yet been fully adjusted to the postulates of the special theory, is perhaps irritating. In the general theory of relativity, the situation is different: the space-time coordinates are only auxiliary quantities to which arbitrary values for every event could be given. Hence, the measurement of position, that is, of the space coordin ates, is certainly not a significant measurement if the postulates of the general theory are adopted: any arbitrary value can be given to the coordinates. The same holds for momenta. The purpose of this brief paper is to make in principle some personal and particular remarks on the fundamental concepts of time and mass. Some comments about the consequences on the relativistic dynamics of quantum systems are also formulated.