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Международный журнал экспериментального образования

Методологическая последовательность при рассмотрении основных вопросов микромира

Ж. А. Абекова, А. Б. Оралбаев, Н Айдарбеков, М. К. Баубекова

Published Jan 1, 2016• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

In article the main questions of a microcosm, questions of fundamental laws of the nonrelativistic quantum mechanics are considered. Theoretical questions of quantum mechanics in a limit case at aspiration of a constant of Planck to zero have to pass into formulas of classical mechanics. Any new theory in a limit case shows justice of formulas of the former classical theory. This article raises the questions of interrelation and boundary conditions of different sections of physics which shows justice of each theory as each section of physics has the scope. In article the attention to these questions of boundary conditions is paid, to limit transitions of quantum mechanics and classical mechanics. By consideration of the main questions of a microcosm the methodological sequence naturally has to be observed. In this article it is shown existence of the principle of compliance and the rule of transition of ratios of quantum mechanics to formulas of classical mechanics and a condition of these transitions.

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In article the main questions of a microcosm, questions of fundamental laws of the nonrelativistic quantum mechanics are considered. Theoretical questions of quantum mechanics in a limit case at aspiration of a constant of Planck to zero have to pass into formulas of classical mechanics. Any new theory in a limit case shows justice of formulas of the former classical theory. This article raises the questions of interrelation and boundary conditions of different sections of physics which shows justice of each theory as each section of physics has the scope. In article the attention to these questions of boundary conditions is paid, to limit transitions of quantum mechanics and classical mechanics. By consideration of the main questions of a microcosm the methodological sequence naturally has to be observed. In this article it is shown existence of the principle of compliance and the rule of transition of ratios of quantum mechanics to formulas of classical mechanics and a condition of these transitions.
Theoretical questions of quantum mechanics in a limit case at aspiration of a constant of Planck to zero have to pass into formulas of classical mechanics. One of the main large achievements of quantum mechanics can consider a full theoretical explanation an arrangement of electrons in nuclear covers which relies on the principle of a ban of Paulie. In this article it is shown achievement of the quantum theory for an explanation of properties of elements of periodic system of elements of D.I. Mendeleyev.
The purpose of the article is to show that quantum mechanics is a synthesis of the old classical concepts and the new non-classical concepts (physics and mathematics). To illustrate the relationship of continuity between classical physics and quantum mechanics, the materials of Planck, Broglie, Schrodinger, Bohr and Dirac are considered. The author begins with a comparative study of the fundamental principles of classical and quantum physics, and concludes that, despite their opposition and irreducibility, scientists tried to adopt the principles of classical physics for constructing quantum mechanics. Survey of Planck's papers showed that Planck's formula for the blackbody spectrum containing the quantum of action is obtained as a synthesis of classical concepts and quantum concepts. Survey of Broglie's papers showed that the quantum-mechanical concept of Broglie emerged as a synthesis of the provisions of the classical (variation principles) and quantum physics (Planck's constant). Survey of Schrodinger's papers showed great generality of quantum theory in comparison with classical mechanics. Survey of Bohr's papers showed that Bohr was able to prove the basic concepts of quantum physics with the help of methodological principles. Survey of Dirac's papers showed that Dirac discovered the equivalence of Schrodinger's and Heisenberg's theories, showed that they go back to the same physical and algebraic principles, and that they can be formulated as variants of the quantum-mechanical system. The author considers the methodological features of quantum mechanics and fixes a number of methodological principles by which quantum mechanics is significantly different from classical physics. The category of quantum mechanics, on which an attempt to reconstruct the physical picture of the world based on quantum theory, is briefly discussed. On the basis of this reconstruction, there are the world picture broad categories: mass-field and space-time. The categories are related by the formula: wave-like particle moves in the classical space-time background. The first association the particles and interactions is from quantum mechanics, the second space and time from the special theory of relativity. In conclusion, a list of basic relations of quantum mechanics with classical physics is made. The development of quantum ideas resulted from direct influence of classical physics, so the main heuristic techniques to construct quantum theory are two ideas, namely, the idea of continuity and the idea of conformity which Bohr's methodological principles express. At the same time, quantum theory requires the use of classical concepts for support and verification. This is due to the restrictions imposed by the experimental technique. Thus, the author claims that quantum mechanics is a synthesis of the old classical concepts and the new non-classical concepts (physics and mathematics).
This article analyzes the scientific problems that arose at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries due to the limitations of classical physics, in particular the issues of measuring the speed of light and the radiation of a blackbody. The article highlights the concept of quantization proposed by M. Planck and its significance in resolving these problems. The formation of quantum mechanics, its main concepts, its role in describing the laws of motion of micro-objects, and its connection with classical mechanics are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the article examines the fundamental concepts of quantum mechanics — discreteness, wave-particle duality, and the significance of Planck’s constant. The article also addresses the challenges in teaching quantum mechanics and ways to overcome them, including the effectiveness of using the case-study method.
Laws and the equations of quantum mechanics and behavior of particles in a microcosm completely differ from laws and the equations of classical mechanics, in a microcosm such phenomena which have no analogs in classical mechanics, for example tunnel effect, etc. meet. In a microcosm the coordinate and an impulse of a particle are defined according to Heisenberg’s uncertainty, these particles show properties characteristic for a wave, energy is let out and absorbed in the separate portions, in quanta.
This article analyzes the scientific problems that arose at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries due to the limitations of classical physics, particularly the issues of measuring the speed of light and the radiation of a blackbody. This article highlights the concept of quantization proposed by M. Planck and its significance in resolving these problems. The formation of quantum mechanics, its main concepts, its role in describing the laws of motion of micro-objects, and its connection with classical mechanics are discussed in detail in this section. Furthermore, this article examines the fundamental concepts of quantum mechanics: discreteness, wave-particle duality, and the significance of Planck’s constant. This article also addresses the challenges of teaching quantum mechanics and ways to overcome them, including the effectiveness of using the case study method.