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Изучение законов микромира, характерные отличия и особенности физических процессов микроскопических систем

Б. К. Рахашев, Ж. А. Абекова, А. Б. Оралбаев, Ш. И. Адинеева

Published Jan 1, 2015• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Laws and the equations of quantum mechanics and behavior of particles in a microcosm completely differ from laws and the equations of classical mechanics, in a microcosm such phenomena which have no analogs in classical mechanics, for example tunnel effect, etc. meet. In a microcosm the coordinate and an impulse of a particle are defined according to Heisenberg’s uncertainty, these particles show properties characteristic for a wave, energy is let out and absorbed in the separate portions, in quanta.

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Austrian Journal of Technical and Natural Sciences•Jan 1, 2015•0 citations
Laws and the equations of quantum mechanics and behavior of particles in a microcosm completely differ from laws and the equations of classical mechanics, in a microcosm such phenomena which have no analogs in classical mechanics, for example tunnel effect, etc. meet. In a microcosm the coordinate and an impulse of a particle are defined according to Heisenberg’s uncertainty, these particles show properties characteristic for a wave, energy is let out and absorbed in the separate portions, in quanta.
The quantum mechanics, as is known, was the theorists «powerful answer» to sensational results of experiments which have shown up the wave properties of smallest particles of substance. Disputes on the nature of such a strange microparticles behavior had not yet time to calm down, but the theory of phenomena in the form of «wave mechanics» was already complete. According to this theory a freely moving particle is described by «probability» wave function in the form of a monochromatic wave. Besides many other open-ended questions stipulated by so-called postulates, founders of the quantum theory have left without answer and the most crucial issue: why elementary particles of substance (as oscillatory systems) should be indispensable linear – monofrequent? Later there appeared experimental data «provoking» an idea of basic nonlinearity of oscillating microcosm, but the quantum mechanics has already turned into «a sacred cow» and any doubt about its validity actually meant «excommunication» from science.
In article the main questions of a microcosm, questions of fundamental laws of the nonrelativistic quantum mechanics are considered. Theoretical questions of quantum mechanics in a limit case at aspiration of a constant of Planck to zero have to pass into formulas of classical mechanics. Any new theory in a limit case shows justice of formulas of the former classical theory. This article raises the questions of interrelation and boundary conditions of different sections of physics which shows justice of each theory as each section of physics has the scope. In article the attention to these questions of boundary conditions is paid, to limit transitions of quantum mechanics and classical mechanics. By consideration of the main questions of a microcosm the methodological sequence naturally has to be observed. In this article it is shown existence of the principle of compliance and the rule of transition of ratios of quantum mechanics to formulas of classical mechanics and a condition of these transitions.
The behavior of classical macroscopic particles – from baseballs to planets – is governed by Newtonian mechanics as we have described in the first chapters of this book. The behavior of very small particles, on the other hand, is governed by an entirely different collection of equations and rules that go under the name of “quantum mechanics” and these particles are referred to as quantum particles. These rules have analogies to classical mechanics, but are fundamentally different and somewhat mysterious as we discussed in Chapter 8. The fundamental principles of quantum mechanics cannot be proven to be correct. They were developed based on the results of experimental observation, by analogy with classical mechanics, and through the consideration of logical implications of the formalisms used. There is no way to derive the fundamental elements of quantum mechanics, any more than one could predict from first principles that Newtonian forces should add as vectors. On the other hand, quantum mechanics is among the most rigorously tested theories in science, and the predictions of quantum mechanics have, so far, always been in agreement with experiment. In this chapter, we will present quantum mechanics as a series of postulates and examine their implications in application to simple one-dimensional systems. In the next chapter we will examine quantum effects in real systems including atoms, molecules, crystals, and artificially engineered nano-structures. Postulates of quantum mechanics QM Postulate 1: A quantum particle is described by a wave function Ψ( x , y , z , t ) which is a function of spatial coordinates and time. All physically determinable quantities can be derived from the wave function Ψ( x , y , z , t ) ; quantities which cannot be found from the wave function are not physically meaningful. Note that some things that one could ask about a quantum particle, for example the exact position and simultaneous exact momentum of a particle, are not derivable from the wave function and are therefore considered indeterminate (or uncertain ). These are things which cannot ever be known about a particle, and, as such, they are meaningless to contemplate.
Everyday macroscopic objects follow the laws of classical mechanics. For microscopic objects, such as atoms or nuclei, the wave character of their dynamics has to be taken into account within the framework of quantum mechanics. While wave-like behaviour can show up in various ways, one of the most striking is the tunnelling effect: some events that are classically forbidden for energetic reasons happen because the quantum particles can tunnel under a potential barrier. Similarly, events that are prohibited due to some other dynamical constraints can occur via a process known as dynamical tunnelling. Indeed, tunnelling plays a major role in a variety of physical phenomena, ranging from α-particle radioactivity to the current–voltage characteristics of transistors.
Microscopic phenomena, in the part available to supervision and measurements which are carried out by means of comparisons of the phenomena with macroscopic changes, by means of introduction of the idea of intervals between disappearance of the previous one and emergence of the subsequent one, are compared with pieces of the chain of macro-changes, it leads to introduction of the notion of time as the only means to describe results of supervision and measurements. In this case, the theory which does not contain unobserved magnitudes, is nothing more than a system of ratios and ratios changes between above-mentioned intervals. The presented work — creation of the description of the quantum mechanical interaction which does not include unobserved magnitudes, based on impossibility to judge about objects free from interaction, and abstract from intercation which existence — is a fruit of imagination about what does not have a certain position in relation to similar ones, especially capable to a certain change. The word “mechanics” in the work is used due to the historical tradition to denote thematic charachteristic of the work. In the work are made equations coinciding in a form with Schrodinger’s equations, where the contained magnitudes have different physical maintenance.