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Методика изучения принципа запрета Паули курса квантовой механики в программе высшей школы

А. Н. Бахтибаев, Ж. А. Абекова, А. Б. Оралбаев

Published Jan 1, 2015• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Theoretical questions of quantum mechanics in a limit case at aspiration of a constant of Planck to zero have to pass into formulas of classical mechanics. One of the main large achievements of quantum mechanics can consider a full theoretical explanation an arrangement of electrons in nuclear covers which relies on the principle of a ban of Paulie. In this article it is shown achievement of the quantum theory for an explanation of properties of elements of periodic system of elements of D.I. Mendeleyev.

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Cambridge University Press eBooks•Jun 29, 2006•0 citations
Theoretical questions of quantum mechanics in a limit case at aspiration of a constant of Planck to zero have to pass into formulas of classical mechanics. One of the main large achievements of quantum mechanics can consider a full theoretical explanation an arrangement of electrons in nuclear covers which relies on the principle of a ban of Paulie. In this article it is shown achievement of the quantum theory for an explanation of properties of elements of periodic system of elements of D.I. Mendeleyev.
In article the main questions of a microcosm, questions of fundamental laws of the nonrelativistic quantum mechanics are considered. Theoretical questions of quantum mechanics in a limit case at aspiration of a constant of Planck to zero have to pass into formulas of classical mechanics. Any new theory in a limit case shows justice of formulas of the former classical theory. This article raises the questions of interrelation and boundary conditions of different sections of physics which shows justice of each theory as each section of physics has the scope. In article the attention to these questions of boundary conditions is paid, to limit transitions of quantum mechanics and classical mechanics. By consideration of the main questions of a microcosm the methodological sequence naturally has to be observed. In this article it is shown existence of the principle of compliance and the rule of transition of ratios of quantum mechanics to formulas of classical mechanics and a condition of these transitions.
Abstract The attempt to explain atomic structure was one of the main motives for the genesis of quantum mechanics (Bohr’s atomic model, spectral lines, etc.); at the same time it represented the first true testing ground for the new theory. The explanation of the existence of discrete atomic levels, their quantitative prediction, understanding of the periodic structure of the elements, the correct interpretation of chemical bonds, etc., can be regarded without exaggeration as one of the greatest achievements of the scientific thought of our time. A door to an entirely new world— that of the atomic and subatomic phenomena—opened, triggering an impressive advance in basic scientific knowledge and modern technology, unprecedented in human history. The very concepts and many of the mathematical tools of quantum mechanics have, in many cases, sprung from the efforts to solve these problems. In this chapter, we study atomic structure, and try to illustrate some of these features.
МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ СТАНОВЛЕНИЯ КВАНТОВОЙ МЕХАНИКИ Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке фонда РГНФ (проект № 13-03-00065).Проиллюстрированы отношения преемственности квантовой механики с классической физикой.Показано, что, во-первых, концепция преемственности и принципа соответствия Бора были необходимыми средствами построения квантовой теории на начальном этапе развития; во-вторых, некоторые концепции классической физики использовались как для построения квантовой теории, так и для ее обоснования.Таким образом, квантовая механика есть синтез старых классических концепций и нового неклассического (физического и математического) содержания.
The description of the physical and chemical properties of matter is a central issue that has occupied the minds of scientists since the age of the ancient Greeks. In their route to dissect matter down to what cannot be divided any further, they coined the term atom , the indivisible . Matter became then a collection of atoms. More than twenty centuries had to pass until the development of a more precise concept of atom, thanks, amongst others, to the systematic studies of Mendeleyev and the establishment in 1869 of the periodic table of the elements (Mendeleyev, 1869). The discovery of the electron in 1897 and the first modern model of the atomic structure by Sir Joseph Thomson were soon refined by his student, Sir Ernest Rutherford, who in 1910 showed that an atom was made of a positively charged small nucleus and a number of negatively charged electrons that neutralize the nuclear charge. Much in the spirit of planetary systems, and drawing from the analogy between gravitational and electrostatic interactions, scientists in the beginning of the twentieth century built an image of the atom that consisted of a number Z of electrons – of elementary charge – e – orbiting around the nucleus of charge Ze . A number of experimental observations, though, were incompatible with this idea of orbiting electrons. In particular, according to the successful electromagnetic theory, charged electrons in orbital (radially accelerated) motion should radiate energy, thus decelerating and eventually collapsing onto the nucleus. Clearly, such a picture would imply that matter is essentially unstable, in flagrant contradiction with our everyday experience of the very existence of matter.