Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Communications in Theoretical Physics

Cryptanalysis of Controlled Mutual Quantum Entity Authentication Using Entanglement Swapping*

Gan 干 Gao 高, Yue Wang

Published Jan 1, 2017• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract By using GHZ-like states and entanglement swapping, Kang et al. [Chin. Phys. B 24 (2015) 090306] proposed a controlled mutual quantum entity authentication protocol. We find that the proposed protocol is not secure, that is, the center, Charlie can eavesdrop the secret keys shared between Alice and Bob without being detected.
DOI
10.1088/0253-6102/67/1/33

Related papers

Comment on "Controlled mutual quantum entity authentication using entanglement swapping"

Gan Gao

Kang et al. [Chin. Phys. B 24 (2015) 090306] proposed a controlled mutual quantum entity authentication protocol. We find that the proposed protocol is not secure, that is, Charlie can eavesdrop the shared keys between Alice and Bob without being detected.

arXiv:1510.01347•Sep 19, 2015•0 citations

Controlled mutual quantum entity authentication using entanglement swapping

Min-Sung Kang, Changho Hong, Jino Heo +2 more

In this paper, we suggest a controlled mutual quantum entity authentication protocol by which two users mutually certify each other on a quantum network using a sequence of Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ)-like states. Unlike existing unidirectional quantum entity authentication, our protocol enables mutual quantum entity authentication utilizing entanglement swapping; moreover, it allows the managing trusted center (TC) or trusted third party (TTP) to effectively control the certification of two users using the nature of the GHZ-like state. We will also analyze the security of the protocol and quantum channel.

Chinese Physics B•Sep 1, 2015•22 citations

SECURE QUANTUM REPORT WITH AUTHENTICATION BASED ON GHZ STATES AND ENTANGLEMENT SWAPPING

Faiegh Sheikhehi, M Hantehzadeh, Mosayeb Naseri

A secure quantum report with authentication based on GHz states and entanglement swapping is proposed. The protocol lets authorized parties Bob and Charlie use N groups three particle GHz states to send their secret reports to their boss (Alice). Here, entanglement swapping of GHz states and Bell state measurement is employed by the communicators. It will be shown that using this method guarantees the honesty of the protocol, and scheme is secure not only against the intercept-and-resend attack but also against disturbance attack.

•Jan 1, 2011•3 citations

Simultaneous quantum identity authentication scheme utilizing entanglement swapping with secret key preservation

Arindam Dutta, Anirban Pathak

Unconditional security in Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) relies on authenticating the identities of users involved in key distribution. While classical identity authentication schemes were initially utilized in QKD implementations, concerns regarding their vulnerability have prompted the exploration of Quantum Identity Authentication (QIA) protocols. In this study, we introduce a new protocol for QIA, derived from the concept of controlled secure direct quantum communication. Our proposed scheme facilitates simultaneous authentication between two users, Alice and Bob, leveraging Bell states with the assistance of a third party, Charlie. Through rigorous security analysis, we demonstrate that the proposed protocol withstands various known attacks, including impersonation, intercept and resend and impersonated fraudulent attacks. Additionally, we establish the relevance of the proposed protocol by comparing it with the existing protocols of similar type.

arXiv:2405.14987•Modern Physics Letters A•Jan 10, 2025•4 citations

Identity authentication by entanglement swapping in controlled quantum teleportation

Xiaoqing Tan, Lianxia Jiang

Controlled quantum teleportation (CQT) is to realise communication between a sender Alice and a receiver Bob to cooperate with a controller Charlie. It can send any quantum state α|0〉 + β|1〉 successfully by this quantum communication system. However, its drawback is that Alice can not confirm Charlie’s and Bob’s identities. In this paper, we design two identity authentication schemes IA_C and IA_B based on entanglement swapping to make identification confirmation for Charlie and Bob, and use decoy states to check outside eavesdropping. Alice confirms the identity of Charlie by using two Bell states entanglement swapping. Moreover, the identity confirmation of Bob by Alice with the help of Charlie is to use three Bell states entanglement swapping. The scheme can effectively prevent forgery identity attack to ensure the security of quantum teleportation. We also propose an improved controlled quantum teleportation (ICQT) scheme with decoy states to ensure the security of quantum channel.

International Journal of Embedded Systems•Jan 1, 2014•8 citations

Mutually authenticated quantum direct communication based on entanglement swapping

Zhihao Liu, Hanwu Chen, Wenjie Liu +1 more

First, a mutually authenticated quantum direct communication (QDC) protocol based on entanglement swapping is proposed in this paper. The protocol includes two phases, the first one for mutual identity authentication and the next for direct communication. Users Alice and Bob can identify each other by checking the correlation of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. According to basic properties of entanglement swapping, Bob just does exclusive-or operations on Alice's public bits and his measurement results to extract Alice's secret message in the direct communication phase. The authentication phase is proved to be secure, and there is no qubits transmission in the direct communication phase, so the protocol is completely secure. Furthermore, the presented QDC protocol is converted to a bidirectional one without information leakage unlike most bidirectional QDC protocols.

International Conference on Natural Computation (ICNC)•Aug 1, 2010•3 citations
In this paper, we suggest a controlled mutual quantum entity authentication protocol by which two users mutually certify each other on a quantum network using a sequence of Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ)-like states. Unlike existing unidirectional quantum entity authentication, our protocol enables mutual quantum entity authentication utilizing entanglement swapping; moreover, it allows the managing trusted center (TC) or trusted third party (TTP) to effectively control the certification of two users using the nature of the GHZ-like state. We will also analyze the security of the protocol and quantum channel.
A secure quantum report with authentication based on GHz states and entanglement swapping is proposed. The protocol lets authorized parties Bob and Charlie use N groups three particle GHz states to send their secret reports to their boss (Alice). Here, entanglement swapping of GHz states and Bell state measurement is employed by the communicators. It will be shown that using this method guarantees the honesty of the protocol, and scheme is secure not only against the intercept-and-resend attack but also against disturbance attack.
Unconditional security in Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) relies on authenticating the identities of users involved in key distribution. While classical identity authentication schemes were initially utilized in QKD implementations, concerns regarding their vulnerability have prompted the exploration of Quantum Identity Authentication (QIA) protocols. In this study, we introduce a new protocol for QIA, derived from the concept of controlled secure direct quantum communication. Our proposed scheme facilitates simultaneous authentication between two users, Alice and Bob, leveraging Bell states with the assistance of a third party, Charlie. Through rigorous security analysis, we demonstrate that the proposed protocol withstands various known attacks, including impersonation, intercept and resend and impersonated fraudulent attacks. Additionally, we establish the relevance of the proposed protocol by comparing it with the existing protocols of similar type.
Controlled quantum teleportation (CQT) is to realise communication between a sender Alice and a receiver Bob to cooperate with a controller Charlie. It can send any quantum state α|0〉 + β|1〉 successfully by this quantum communication system. However, its drawback is that Alice can not confirm Charlie’s and Bob’s identities. In this paper, we design two identity authentication schemes IA_C and IA_B based on entanglement swapping to make identification confirmation for Charlie and Bob, and use decoy states to check outside eavesdropping. Alice confirms the identity of Charlie by using two Bell states entanglement swapping. Moreover, the identity confirmation of Bob by Alice with the help of Charlie is to use three Bell states entanglement swapping. The scheme can effectively prevent forgery identity attack to ensure the security of quantum teleportation. We also propose an improved controlled quantum teleportation (ICQT) scheme with decoy states to ensure the security of quantum channel.
First, a mutually authenticated quantum direct communication (QDC) protocol based on entanglement swapping is proposed in this paper. The protocol includes two phases, the first one for mutual identity authentication and the next for direct communication. Users Alice and Bob can identify each other by checking the correlation of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. According to basic properties of entanglement swapping, Bob just does exclusive-or operations on Alice's public bits and his measurement results to extract Alice's secret message in the direct communication phase. The authentication phase is proved to be secure, and there is no qubits transmission in the direct communication phase, so the protocol is completely secure. Furthermore, the presented QDC protocol is converted to a bidirectional one without information leakage unlike most bidirectional QDC protocols.