Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

SECURE QUANTUM REPORT WITH AUTHENTICATION BASED ON GHZ STATES AND ENTANGLEMENT SWAPPING

Faiegh Sheikhehi, M Hantehzadeh, Mosayeb Naseri

Published Jan 1, 2011• 3 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

A secure quantum report with authentication based on GHz states and entanglement swapping is proposed. The protocol lets authorized parties Bob and Charlie use N groups three particle GHz states to send their secret reports to their boss (Alice). Here, entanglement swapping of GHz states and Bell state measurement is employed by the communicators. It will be shown that using this method guarantees the honesty of the protocol, and scheme is secure not only against the intercept-and-resend attack but also against disturbance attack.

Related papers

Quantum secure direct communication by using GHZ states and entanglement swapping

Zhong‐Xiao Man, Yun‐Jie Xia, Nguyen Ba An

We present a three-party quantum secure direct communication protocol by using Greenberg–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) states and entanglement swapping. The proposed scheme realizes authorized parties' secure exchange of their respective secret messages simultaneously and directly in a set of devices. We show that the scheme is secure against eavesdropper's commonly used attacks. We also generalize the protocol to the N -party case by using N -partite GHZ states.

Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics•Sep 7, 2006•109 citations

Deterministic secure direct communication using GHZ states and swapping quantum entanglement

Ting Gao, Fengli Yan, Z X Wang

We present a deterministic secure direct communication scheme via entanglement swapping, where a set of ordered maximally entangled three-particle states (GHZ states), initially shared by three spatially separated parties, Alice, Bob and Charlie, functions as a quantum information channel. After ensuring the safety of the quantum channel, Alice and Bob apply a series local operations on their respective particles according to the tripartite stipulation and the secret message they both want to send to Charlie. By three Alice, Bob and Charlie's Bell measurement results, Charlie is able to infer the secret messages directly. The secret messages are faithfully transmitted from Alice and Bob to Charlie via initially shared pairs of GHZ states without revealing any information to a potential eavesdropper. Since there is not a transmission of the qubits carrying the secret message between any two of them in the public channel, it is completely secure for direct secret communication if perfect quantum channel is used.

arXiv:quant-ph/0406082•Journal of Physics A Mathematical and General•Jun 8, 2005•205 citations

Multi-Party Quantum Secret Sharing Based on GHZ State

Zhihui Li, Xue Jiang, Lu Liu

In this paper, we propose an efficient multi-party quantum secret sharing scheme based on GHZ entangled state. The participants in this scheme are divided into two groups, and share secrets as a group. There is no need to exchange any measurement information between the two groups, reducing the security problems caused by the communication process. Each participant holds one particle from each GHZ state; it can be found that the particles of each GHZ state are related after measuring them, and the eavesdropping detection can detect external attacks based on this characteristic. Furthermore, since the participants within the two groups encode the measured particles, they can recover the same secrets. Security analysis shows that the protocol can resist the intercept-and-resend attack and entanglement measurement attack, and the simulation results show that the probability of an external attacker being detected is proportional to the amount of information he can obtain. Compared with the existing protocols, this proposed protocol is more secure, has less quantum resources and is more practical.

Entropy•Oct 8, 2022•8 citations

A Simultaneous Quantum Secure Direct Communication Scheme between the Central Party and OtherMParties

Gao Ting, Yan Feng-Li, Zhi‐Xi Wang

We propose a simultaneous quantum secure direct communication scheme between one party and other three parties via four-particle GHZ states and swapping quantum entanglement. In the scheme, three spatially separated senders, Alice, Bob and Charlie, transmit their secret messages to a remote receiver Diana by performing a series of local operations on their respective particles according to the quadripartite stipulation. From Alice, Bob, Charlie and Diana's Bell measurement results, Diana can infer the secret messages. If a perfect quantum channel is used, the secret messages are faithfully transmitted from Alice, Bob and Charlie to Diana via initially shared pairs of four-particle GHZ states without revealing any information to a potential eavesdropper. As there is no transmission of the qubits carrying the secret message in the public channel, it is completely secure for the direct secret communication. This scheme can be considered as a network of communication parties where each party wants to communicate secretly with a central party or server.

arXiv:quant-ph/0509033•Chinese Physics Letters•Sep 22, 2005•60 citations

Efficient Quantum Secure Communication Protocol by Rearranging Particle Orders

Gan Gao

We propose a quantum secure communication protocol by using three-particle GHZ states. In this protocol, we utilize the ideas of the rearranging orders and the sequence transmission. The sender of messages, Alice, first disturbs the particle orders in an initial sequence, and then sends the sequence of the disturbed orders to the receiver of messages, Bob. Under Alice's introduction, Bob rearranges the sequence back to the initial sequence. By making a GHZ state measurement on each of the three particles in turn, Bob can attain Alice's secret messages. In addition, we still calculate the efficiency of our three-particle GHZ protocol and generalize it to the case using multi-particle GHZ state.

Communications in Theoretical Physics•Nov 1, 2009•6 citations

Cryptanalysis of Controlled Mutual Quantum Entity Authentication Using Entanglement Swapping*

Gan 干 Gao 高, Yue Wang

Abstract By using GHZ-like states and entanglement swapping, Kang et al. [Chin. Phys. B 24 (2015) 090306] proposed a controlled mutual quantum entity authentication protocol. We find that the proposed protocol is not secure, that is, the center, Charlie can eavesdrop the secret keys shared between Alice and Bob without being detected.

Communications in Theoretical Physics•Jan 1, 2017•3 citations
A secure quantum report with authentication based on GHz states and entanglement swapping is proposed. The protocol lets authorized parties Bob and Charlie use N groups three particle GHz states to send their secret reports to their boss (Alice). Here, entanglement swapping of GHz states and Bell state measurement is employed by the communicators. It will be shown that using this method guarantees the honesty of the protocol, and scheme is secure not only against the intercept-and-resend attack but also against disturbance attack.
We present a deterministic secure direct communication scheme via entanglement swapping, where a set of ordered maximally entangled three-particle states (GHZ states), initially shared by three spatially separated parties, Alice, Bob and Charlie, functions as a quantum information channel. After ensuring the safety of the quantum channel, Alice and Bob apply a series local operations on their respective particles according to the tripartite stipulation and the secret message they both want to send to Charlie. By three Alice, Bob and Charlie's Bell measurement results, Charlie is able to infer the secret messages directly. The secret messages are faithfully transmitted from Alice and Bob to Charlie via initially shared pairs of GHZ states without revealing any information to a potential eavesdropper. Since there is not a transmission of the qubits carrying the secret message between any two of them in the public channel, it is completely secure for direct secret communication if perfect quantum channel is used.
In this paper, we propose an efficient multi-party quantum secret sharing scheme based on GHZ entangled state. The participants in this scheme are divided into two groups, and share secrets as a group. There is no need to exchange any measurement information between the two groups, reducing the security problems caused by the communication process. Each participant holds one particle from each GHZ state; it can be found that the particles of each GHZ state are related after measuring them, and the eavesdropping detection can detect external attacks based on this characteristic. Furthermore, since the participants within the two groups encode the measured particles, they can recover the same secrets. Security analysis shows that the protocol can resist the intercept-and-resend attack and entanglement measurement attack, and the simulation results show that the probability of an external attacker being detected is proportional to the amount of information he can obtain. Compared with the existing protocols, this proposed protocol is more secure, has less quantum resources and is more practical.
We propose a simultaneous quantum secure direct communication scheme between one party and other three parties via four-particle GHZ states and swapping quantum entanglement. In the scheme, three spatially separated senders, Alice, Bob and Charlie, transmit their secret messages to a remote receiver Diana by performing a series of local operations on their respective particles according to the quadripartite stipulation. From Alice, Bob, Charlie and Diana's Bell measurement results, Diana can infer the secret messages. If a perfect quantum channel is used, the secret messages are faithfully transmitted from Alice, Bob and Charlie to Diana via initially shared pairs of four-particle GHZ states without revealing any information to a potential eavesdropper. As there is no transmission of the qubits carrying the secret message in the public channel, it is completely secure for the direct secret communication. This scheme can be considered as a network of communication parties where each party wants to communicate secretly with a central party or server.
We propose a quantum secure communication protocol by using three-particle GHZ states. In this protocol, we utilize the ideas of the rearranging orders and the sequence transmission. The sender of messages, Alice, first disturbs the particle orders in an initial sequence, and then sends the sequence of the disturbed orders to the receiver of messages, Bob. Under Alice's introduction, Bob rearranges the sequence back to the initial sequence. By making a GHZ state measurement on each of the three particles in turn, Bob can attain Alice's secret messages. In addition, we still calculate the efficiency of our three-particle GHZ protocol and generalize it to the case using multi-particle GHZ state.