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Journal of Applied Physics

Highly tunable bistability using an external magnetic field in photonic crystals containing graphene and magnetooptical layers

Abbas Ghasempour Ardakani, Fatemeh Bahmani firoozi

Published Jan 11, 2017• 23 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper, we propose an optical bistable structure based on a single graphene layer sandwiched between two magnetooptical layers which are located between two photonic crystals. It is indicated that such structure shows optical bistability behaviors, in the near infrared range, which can be efficiently controlled with small external magnetic fields lower than 1.5 mT. Such weak external magnetic fields cannot affect the graphene layer and the dependence of bistability phenomenon on the magnetic field results from the presence of magnetooptical layers and their influences on the resonance frequency of the structure. Both switch-up and switch-down thresholds can be significantly adjusted by variation of the external magnetic field. Furthermore, the width of hysteresis loop enhances with increasing the magnetic field. To obtain a high tunability of bistability with external magnetic fields, the thickness of magnetooptical layers should be larger than a special value. It is also found that the increase of the Fermi energy level of graphene leads to the enhancement of both switch-up and switch-down thresholds as well as the width of the hysteresis loop. Finally, it is confirmed that optical bistability can be manipulated by changing the incident illumination angle.

DOI
10.1063/1.4973897

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In this paper, we propose an optical bistable structure based on a single graphene layer sandwiched between two magnetooptical layers which are located between two photonic crystals. It is indicated that such structure shows optical bistability behaviors, in the near infrared range, which can be efficiently controlled with small external magnetic fields lower than 1.5 mT. Such weak external magnetic fields cannot affect the graphene layer and the dependence of bistability phenomenon on the magnetic field results from the presence of magnetooptical layers and their influences on the resonance frequency of the structure. Both switch-up and switch-down thresholds can be significantly adjusted by variation of the external magnetic field. Furthermore, the width of hysteresis loop enhances with increasing the magnetic field. To obtain a high tunability of bistability with external magnetic fields, the thickness of magnetooptical layers should be larger than a special value. It is also found that the increase of the Fermi energy level of graphene leads to the enhancement of both switch-up and switch-down thresholds as well as the width of the hysteresis loop. Finally, it is confirmed that optical bistability can be manipulated by changing the incident illumination angle.
With the experimental corroboration employing a transfer matrix method, an analytical observation of optical bistability using long-range surface plasmon resonance (LRSPR) through the external magnetic field is presented for a very low threshold value. The proposed analytical method has been verified with the reported experimental data provided by Liu et al. [ Curr. Appl. Phys. 29 , 66 ( 2021 ) 1567-1739 10.1016/j.cap.2021.06.003 ]. Now theoretical analysis is further extended in the proposed multilayered structure comprising an InAs layer sandwiched between two graphene layers, whose electromagnetic response at 2 THz can be regulated by employing a magnetic field and may tune the optical bistability without modifying the geometry or the characteristics of the structure. The observed threshold intensity for the switch-up is 6.6615×104W/cm2 at 0.001 T; thus, this analytical approach is able to achieve 2 orders lower threshold for magnetically tunable upswitching of the optical bistable process. This suggested magnetically adjustable optical bistable arrangement gives a possibility for the comprehension of optical logic gates, optic memory, opto-transistors, and switches at a low switching threshold due to extraordinary features of the composite layers due to local field amplification of the graphene layer.
Abstract We investigate the behavior of optical bistability (OB) and optical multistability (OM) based on quantum coherence in a Landau-quantized graphene structure. Such a tunable four-level system is driven coherently by two coherent fields and an incoherent pumping field inside the unidirectional ring cavity. The influence of system parameters on the threshold of the onset of OB and OM is studied. It is found that one can efficiently control the OB/OM threshold intensity and the hysteresis loop by using the system parameters. The results obtained may be used in real experiments for the development of new types of nanoelectronic devices for realizing an all-optical switching process.
The influence of weak external magnetic fields on the conditions of optical bistability (OB) realization in the field of exciton absorption in layer semiconductors has been investigated theoretically. Using the 2H-polytype of PbI2 as an example, it is shown that by changing the intensity of the external magnetic field it is possible to obtain the OB realization region without changing the excitation laser frequency. It is also possible to control effectively the position and size of the hysteresis absorption loop caused by the existence of several exciton zones and due to the peculiar features of the layer crystal structure.
We propose a modified Kretschmann-Raether configuration to realize the low threshold optical bistable devices at the terahertz frequencies. The metal layer is replaced by the dielectric sandwich structure with the insertion of graphene, and this configuration can support TM-polarization surface electromagnetic wave. The surface plasmon resonance is strongly dependent on the Fermi-level of graphene and the thickness of the sandwich structure. It is found that the switching-up and switching-down intensities required to observe the optical bistable behavior are lowered markedly due to the excitation of the graphene surface plasmons, thus making this configuration a prime candidate for experimental investigation at the terahertz range. And the switching threshold value can be further reduced by decreasing the Fermi-level or increasing the thickness of sandwich structure, hence providing a new way for realizing tunable optical bistable devices. Finally, the optical bistability at higher terahertz frequency and the influence of relaxation time under the actual experimental condition on Fermi-level are discussed.
Abstract In this letter, the phase control of optical bistability and multistability in a ring cavity doped with a four-level graphene nanostructure in infrared regions are discussed. Due to the unusual dispersion relation in graphene nanoribbons, electrons can lead to an exceptionally strong optical response in the infrared and terahertz regions. We show that by adjusting the intensities and relative phase of infrared laser fields, the threshold intensity and hysteresis loop can be manipulated efficiently. The effect of the electronic cooperation parameter, which is directly proportional to the electron concentration and the length of the graphene sample, is also discussed. Our proposed model may be useful for the next generation of all-optical systems and information processing in nanoscale devices.
In this paper, we propose a modified Otto configuration to realize tunable and low-threshold optical bistability at terahertz frequencies by attaching multilayer graphene sheets to a nonlinear substrate interface. Our work demonstrates that the threshold of optical bistability can be markedly reduced (three orders of magnitude) by covering the nonlinear substrate with multilayer graphene sheets, due to strong local field enhancement with the excitation of surface plasmons. We present the influences of the Fermi energy of graphene, the incident angle, the thickness of air gap and the relaxation time of graphene on the hysteresis phenomenon and give a way to optimize the surface plasmon resonance, which will enable us to further lower the minimal power requirements for realizing optical bistability due to the strong interaction of light with graphene sheets. These results are promising for realization of terahertz optical switches, optical modulators and logical devices.