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A direct measurement independent quantum communication protocol secured from super eavesdroppers (Conference Presentation)

Byoung Seung HAM, Jungho Bang, Jihong Min

Published Dec 7, 2016• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Most quantum communication protocols like BB84 use non-orthogonal basis sets composed of orthogonal states, where an eavesdropper can access only 50% of the sender’s information. Thus, the overall eavesdropping rate becomes 25%, due to the same access rate of the receiver. This high error rate in a quantum channel provides an “Attack” sign to the system. However, the 25% attack to the quantum channel can no longer be effective if Eve can measure one conjugate variable without disturbing the other. Recently, such direct measurement techniques have been presented, and then most quantum communication protocols will be endangered eventually. Here we propose a direct measurement independent quantum communication (MIQC) protocol belongs to quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) systems. QSDC mostly relies on quantum entanglement and memories for direct message transfer, but it is more vulnerable due to direct information loss to Eve. Moreover, those QSDC protocols are not easy to implement and will become no longer of use if a direct measurement becomes possible. Our MIQC uses four conjugate variables composed of polarization and phase. To satisfy the measurement independence, we added two phase bases to the polarization-superposed single photons, where the phase selection is for random choices of spatially distinct quantum channels. Thus, Eve cannot know which path is chosen even if she can perfectly measure the encoded photon’s state. In our MIQC, Eve’s attack rate drops down to less than 1%, showing a measurement independent quantum communication protocol applicable to direct secure message transfers.

DOI
10.1117/12.2235913

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Most quantum communication protocols like BB84 use non-orthogonal basis sets composed of orthogonal states, where an eavesdropper can access only 50% of the sender’s information. Thus, the overall eavesdropping rate becomes 25%, due to the same access rate of the receiver. This high error rate in a quantum channel provides an “Attack” sign to the system. However, the 25% attack to the quantum channel can no longer be effective if Eve can measure one conjugate variable without disturbing the other. Recently, such direct measurement techniques have been presented, and then most quantum communication protocols will be endangered eventually. Here we propose a direct measurement independent quantum communication (MIQC) protocol belongs to quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) systems. QSDC mostly relies on quantum entanglement and memories for direct message transfer, but it is more vulnerable due to direct information loss to Eve. Moreover, those QSDC protocols are not easy to implement and will become no longer of use if a direct measurement becomes possible. Our MIQC uses four conjugate variables composed of polarization and phase. To satisfy the measurement independence, we added two phase bases to the polarization-superposed single photons, where the phase selection is for random choices of spatially distinct quantum channels. Thus, Eve cannot know which path is chosen even if she can perfectly measure the encoded photon’s state. In our MIQC, Eve’s attack rate drops down to less than 1%, showing a measurement independent quantum communication protocol applicable to direct secure message transfers.
We attempt to propose the first orthogonal-state-based protocols of measurement-device-independent quantum secure direct communication and quantum dialogue employing single basis, i.e., Bell basis as decoy qubits for eavesdropping detection. Orthogonal-state-based protocols are inherently distinct from conventional conjugate-coding protocols, offering unconditional security derived from the duality and monogamy of entanglement. Notably, these orthogonal-state-based protocols demonstrate improved performance over conjugate-coding based protocols under certain noisy environments, highlighting the significance of selecting the best basis choice of decoy qubits for secure quantum communication under collective noise. Furthermore, we rigorously analyze the security of the proposed protocols against various eavesdropping strategies, including intercept-and-resend attack, entangle-and-measure attack, information leakage attack, flip attack, and disturbance or modification attack. Our findings also show that, with appropriate modifications, the proposed orthogonal-state-based measurement-device-independent quantum secure direct communication protocol can be transformed into orthogonal-state-based measurement-device-independent versions of quantum key distribution protocols, expanding their applicability. Our protocols leverage fundamentally distinct resources to close the security loopholes linked to measurement devices, while also effectively doubling the distance for secure direct message transmission compared to traditional quantum communication methods.
Abstract We attempt to propose the first orthogonal-state-based protocols of measurement-device-independent quantum secure direct communication and quantum dialogue employing single basis, i.e., Bell basis as decoy qubits for eavesdropping detection. Orthogonal-state-based protocols are inherently distinct from conventional conjugate-coding protocols, offering unconditional security derived from the duality and monogamy of entanglement. Noise imposes a major challenge to the efficient implementation of these measurement-device-independent based secure direct quantum communication protocols. Notably, these orthogonal-state-based protocols demonstrate improved performance over conjugate-coding-based protocols under certain noisy environments, highlighting the significance of selecting the best basis choice of decoy qubits for secure quantum communication under collective noise. Further, we rigorously analyze the security of the proposed protocols against various eavesdropping strategies, including intercept-and-resend attack, entangle-and-measure attack, information leakage attack, flip attack, and disturbance or modification attack. Our findings also show that, with appropriate modifications, the proposed orthogonal-state-based measurement-device-independent quantum secure direct communication protocol can be transformed into orthogonal-state-based measurement-device-independent versions of quantum key distribution and quantum key negotiation protocols, expanding their applicability. Our protocols leverage fundamentally distinct resources to close the security loopholes linked to measurement devices, while also effectively doubling the distance for secure direct message transmission compared to traditional quantum secure direct communication protocols. Additionally, we calculate the efficiency of our proposed protocols and compare them with standard versions of measurement-device-independent quantum secure direct communication protocols. Ultimately, we discuss system and operational complexity of our proposed protocols in light of experimental elements and the processes.
Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) enables direct message transmission over quantum channels. Loopholes involved in practical apparatus, particularly nonideal measurement devices, provide a potential interface for attacking practical quantum communication. Measurement-device–independent (MDI) QSDC protocols deal with all side-channel attacks on practical measurement devices and directly transmit secret messages over classical channels with both integrity and eavesdropper detection and prevention. We review the recent development of MDI QSDC protocols using both single photons and entangled photon pairs. These two types of MDI QSDC protocols are useful for their respective distinct characters and can be generalized to perform more interesting communication networks.
Security of the quantum secure direct communication protocol (i.e., the C-S QSDC protocol) recently proposed by Cao and Song [Chin. Phys. Lett. 23 (2006) 290] is analyzed in the case of considerable quantum channel noise. The eavesdropping scheme is presented, which reveals that the C-S QSDC protocol is not secure if the quantum bit error rate (QBER) caused by quantum channel noise is higher than 4.17%. Our eavesdropping scheme induces about 4.17% QBER for those check qubits. However, such QBER can be hidden in the counterpart induced by the noisy quantum channel if the eavesdropper Eve replaces the original noisy channel by an ideal one. Furthermore, if the QBER induced by quantum channel noise is lower than 4.17%, then in the eavesdropping scheme Eve still can eavesdrop part of the secret messages by safely attacking a fraction of the transmitted qubits. Finally, an improvement on the C-S QSDC protocol is put forward.
The one-step quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) (Sci. Bull. 67, 367 (2022)) can effectively simplify QSDC’s operation and reduce message loss. For enhancing its security under practical experimental condition, we propose two measurement-device-independent (MDI) one-step QSDC protocols, which can resist all possible attacks from imperfect measurement devices. In both protocols, the communication parties prepare identical polarization-spatial-mode two-photon hyperentangled states and construct the hyperentanglement channel by hyperentanglement swapping. The first MDI one-step QSDC protocol adopts the nonlinear-optical complete hyperentanglement Bell state measurement (HBSM) to construct the hyperentanglement channel, while the second protocol adopts the linear-optical partial HBSM. Then, the parties encode the photons in the polarization degree of freedom and send them to the third party for the hyperentanglement-assisted complete polarization Bell state measurement. Both protocols are unconditionally secure in theory. The simulation results show the MDI one-step QSDC protocol with complete HBSM attains the maximal communication distance of about 354 km. Our MDI one-step QSDC protocols may have potential applications in the future quantum secure communication field.
Quantum Secure Direct Communication (QSDC) is a distinctive protocol of quantum communication. It transmits confidential message straight through a quantum channel without the requirement of a secret key and ciphertext. It is also helpful in preventing eavesdropper during transmission. In this article, during the detailed study about QSDC, challenges faced while implementing the mitigation techniques w.r.t possible threats available in practical QSDC, have been studied and demonstrated. From the experiments and results it is observed that practical QSDC has inherent challenges. In actual quantum communication systems, flaws in measurement devices could give rise to disclosure of secret information to Eve without even being noticed. Measurement-device-independent QSDC protocol has been proposed using more than one swapping circuit as a mitigation technique. The efficacy of proposed protocol is verified using quantum simulator and quantum machine in the ideal scenario as well as possible threat scenarios. The results demonstrate its potential over other protocols of quantum communication and contribution towards enabling secure communication.