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Interferometric demonstration of the Berry's Phase

Ricardo Téllez-Limón, Carlos Ignacio Robledo-Sánchez

Published Nov 1, 2009• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The present paper shows an optical interferometer which operates only in the geometric phase, or Berry's phase. In this system, the optical paths traversed by the two beams of light are always the same, and the difference in their phases can be varied by manipulating this geometrical phase. We also make a comparison of the interference pattern produced experimentally in the laboratory, and another one produced by a computer program.

DOI
10.1109/ieeexpo.2009.5422857

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The present paper shows an optical interferometer which operates only in the geometric phase, or Berry's phase. In this system, the optical paths traversed by the two beams of light are always the same, and the difference in their phases can be varied by manipulating this geometrical phase. We also make a comparison of the interference pattern produced experimentally in the laboratory, and another one produced by a computer program.
The wave function of a quantum system may acquire an additional phase factor (the geometric phase), when its parameters undergo a cyclic change. An optical manifestation of the geometric phase is the change in the phase of a light wave produced when its state of polarization is taken around a circuit on the Poincare sphere. This phase change can be verified by interferometric measurements. We describe an interferometer in which the two beams traverse the same path in opposite directions, so that their optical paths are always equal, and the phase difference between them is varied by operating on the geometric phase. Measurements made with this interferometer, at a light level at which the probability of more than one photon being present simultaneously in the interferometer was negligibly small, confirmed that the interference effects observed due to the geometric phase persist down to the single photon level.
Young’s dual-pinhole interference experiment with arbitrary fully correlated and polarized vector light fields leads to a Pancharatnam–Berry geometric phase that is related to the associated dynamical phase. We demonstrate theoretically and experimentally how the dynamical phase across the interference pattern can be deciphered from the total phase, thereby leaving only the geometric phase. Our results constitute the first genuine interferometric phase measurements that yield the Pancharatnam–Berry geometric phase in Young’s two-beam interference setup.