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Collective Cavity QED with Multiple Atomic Levels

K. J. Arnold, M. P. Baden, M. D. Barrett

Published May 6, 2011• 1 citation
OpenAlex

Abstract

We study the transmission spectra of ultracold Rubidium atoms coupled to a high-finesse optical cavity. Under weak probing with pi-polarized light, the system is described by a collective spin with multiple levels coupled to a single mode of the cavity. By varying the atom number, we change the collective coupling of the system. We observe the change in transmission spectra when going from a regime where the collective coupling is much smaller than the separation of the atomic levels to a regime where both are of comparable size. The observations are in good agreement with a reduced model we develop for our system.

Related papers

Collective cavity quantum electrodynamics with multiple atomic levels

K. J. Arnold, M. P. Baden, M. D. Barrett

We study the transmission spectra of ultracold rubidium atoms coupled to a high-finesse optical cavity. Under weak probing with $\ensuremath{\pi}$-polarized light, the linear response of the system is that of a collective spin with multiple levels coupled to a single mode of the cavity. By varying the atom number, we change the collective coupling of the system. We observe the change in transmission spectra when going from a regime where the collective coupling is much smaller than the separation of the atomic levels to a regime where both are of comparable size. The observations are in good agreement with a reduced model we developed for our system.

arXiv:1105.1236•Physical Review A•Sep 20, 2011•12 citations

Normal-mode splitting of four-level atom-cavity system under collective strong coupling

Zheng Tan, Liyong Wang, Min Liu +3 more

We investigate the transmission spectrum of an optical cavity coupled with four-level atoms. Multiple normal-mode splitting peaks of the strongly coupled atom-cavity system are obtained as single cavity mode couples three separated atomic transitions simultaneously. We employ a confocal optical cavity and an ensemble of cold Rb-85 atoms for cavity quantum electrodynamics. We observe four normal-mode splitting peaks of the cavity transmission in the strong coupling regime due to collective enhancement of the atom-cavity coupling strength by ensemble of cold atoms. The experimental observations are consistent with the theoretical analysis. The multiple normal-mode excitation in the strongly coupled multi-level atom-cavity system may lead to practical application for realizing multi-channel all-optical devices.

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Thomas H. Fischer, Peter Maunz, Pepijn W. H. Pinkse +2 more

Summary form only given. We report on the observation of the many-atom dipole-dipole interaction in an ensemble of ultracold rubidium atoms strongly coupled to the standing-wave field of a weakly driven high-finesse optical cavity. The atoms split the cavity resonance into two normal modes. The many-atom light force changes the spatial distribution of the atoms, creating an asymmetry in the usually symmetric normal-mode spectrum, for intracavity photon numbers much less than one. This asymmetry is investigated as a function of the number of atoms and as a function of the intracavity photon number. Moreover, analytical expressions have been derived for the dipole force and the diffusion coefficient for an atom in presence of other atoms. These expressions allow us to simulate the trajectories of several atoms simultaneously. The calculated and measured spectra agree only if the full motional dynamics of all atoms is taken into account.

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics•Aug 29, 2005•0 citations

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Gessler Hernandez, Jiepeng Zhang, Yifu Zhu

We report an experimental study of the collective coupling of three-level atoms with a cavity mode and a free-space laser field. The measurement of the cavity transmission with a weak probe field coupled into the cavity mode reveals three spectral peaks: two sidebands and a central peak, which is produced by the coherent interaction of the free-space field with individual atoms and the collective interaction of the multiple atoms with the cavity mode. The experimental results agree with a simple calculation based on the classical light transmission through a cavity containing multiple atoms coherently driven by a free-space laser.

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Cavity-QED simulation of qubit-oscillator dynamics in the ultrastrong-coupling regime

Arne L. Grimsmo, A. S. Parkins

We propose a quantum simulation of a two-level atom coupled to a single mode of the electromagnetic field in the ultrastrong-coupling regime based upon resonant Raman transitions in an atom interacting with a high finesse optical cavity mode. We show by numerical simulation the possibility of realizing the scheme with a single rubidium atom, in which two hyperfine ground states make up the effective two-level system, and for cavity QED parameters that should be achievable with, for example, microtoroidal whispering-gallery-mode resonators. Our system also enables simulation of a generalized model in which a nonlinear coupling between the atomic inversion and the cavity photon number occurs on an equal footing with the (ultrastrong) dipole coupling and can give rise to critical-type behavior even at the single-atom level. Our model takes account of dissipation, and we pay particular attention to observables that would be readily observable in the output from the system.

arXiv:1212.6063•Physical Review A•Mar 14, 2013•102 citations

Cavity QED with Multilevel Atoms

Kevin M. Birnbaum

The steady-state transmission spectrum of a cavity with two modes of orthogonal polarization strongly coupled to a single atom with multiple Zeeman states is computed. Effects due to cavity birefringence and atomic ac-Stark shifts are included. The transmission spectrum is compared to experimental results for a single Cesium atom trapped via an intracavity FORT in a Fabry-Perot cavity. The excellent agreement of the theory with the data is used to infer the distribution of the position of the trapped atom. The intensity correlation function of this system is also calculated, and found to be strongly antibunched and sub-Poissonian. This effect is explained in terms of photon blockade, based on the structure of the lowest energy eigenvalues. Experimental results confirm the strong nonlinearity at the single-photon level. We present theoretical predictions of the weak field spectra of microtoroid and photonic bandgap cavities strongly coupled to the D2 transition of single Cesium atoms. These calculations include all hyperfine and Zeeman states of the transition and model the cavity as a single-mode, linearly polarized resonator. Finally, we outline a technique for using multiple hyperfine and Zeeman levels of a single atom in a strongly coupled atom-cavity system to generate polarized single photons on demand in a well-defined temporal mode via adiabatic passage. The technique is insensitive to cavity birefringence and only weakly sensitive to atomic position. Variations of this technique for generating entanglement of photon polarization and atomic Zeeman state are also discussed.

•Jan 1, 2005•10 citations
We study the transmission spectra of ultracold Rubidium atoms coupled to a high-finesse optical cavity. Under weak probing with pi-polarized light, the system is described by a collective spin with multiple levels coupled to a single mode of the cavity. By varying the atom number, we change the collective coupling of the system. We observe the change in transmission spectra when going from a regime where the collective coupling is much smaller than the separation of the atomic levels to a regime where both are of comparable size. The observations are in good agreement with a reduced model we develop for our system.
We study the transmission spectra of ultracold rubidium atoms coupled to a high-finesse optical cavity. Under weak probing with $\ensuremath{\pi}$-polarized light, the linear response of the system is that of a collective spin with multiple levels coupled to a single mode of the cavity. By varying the atom number, we change the collective coupling of the system. We observe the change in transmission spectra when going from a regime where the collective coupling is much smaller than the separation of the atomic levels to a regime where both are of comparable size. The observations are in good agreement with a reduced model we developed for our system.
We investigate the transmission spectrum of an optical cavity coupled with four-level atoms. Multiple normal-mode splitting peaks of the strongly coupled atom-cavity system are obtained as single cavity mode couples three separated atomic transitions simultaneously. We employ a confocal optical cavity and an ensemble of cold Rb-85 atoms for cavity quantum electrodynamics. We observe four normal-mode splitting peaks of the cavity transmission in the strong coupling regime due to collective enhancement of the atom-cavity coupling strength by ensemble of cold atoms. The experimental observations are consistent with the theoretical analysis. The multiple normal-mode excitation in the strongly coupled multi-level atom-cavity system may lead to practical application for realizing multi-channel all-optical devices.
Summary form only given. We report on the observation of the many-atom dipole-dipole interaction in an ensemble of ultracold rubidium atoms strongly coupled to the standing-wave field of a weakly driven high-finesse optical cavity. The atoms split the cavity resonance into two normal modes. The many-atom light force changes the spatial distribution of the atoms, creating an asymmetry in the usually symmetric normal-mode spectrum, for intracavity photon numbers much less than one. This asymmetry is investigated as a function of the number of atoms and as a function of the intracavity photon number. Moreover, analytical expressions have been derived for the dipole force and the diffusion coefficient for an atom in presence of other atoms. These expressions allow us to simulate the trajectories of several atoms simultaneously. The calculated and measured spectra agree only if the full motional dynamics of all atoms is taken into account.
We report an experimental study of the collective coupling of three-level atoms with a cavity mode and a free-space laser field. The measurement of the cavity transmission with a weak probe field coupled into the cavity mode reveals three spectral peaks: two sidebands and a central peak, which is produced by the coherent interaction of the free-space field with individual atoms and the collective interaction of the multiple atoms with the cavity mode. The experimental results agree with a simple calculation based on the classical light transmission through a cavity containing multiple atoms coherently driven by a free-space laser.
We propose a quantum simulation of a two-level atom coupled to a single mode of the electromagnetic field in the ultrastrong-coupling regime based upon resonant Raman transitions in an atom interacting with a high finesse optical cavity mode. We show by numerical simulation the possibility of realizing the scheme with a single rubidium atom, in which two hyperfine ground states make up the effective two-level system, and for cavity QED parameters that should be achievable with, for example, microtoroidal whispering-gallery-mode resonators. Our system also enables simulation of a generalized model in which a nonlinear coupling between the atomic inversion and the cavity photon number occurs on an equal footing with the (ultrastrong) dipole coupling and can give rise to critical-type behavior even at the single-atom level. Our model takes account of dissipation, and we pay particular attention to observables that would be readily observable in the output from the system.
The steady-state transmission spectrum of a cavity with two modes of orthogonal polarization strongly coupled to a single atom with multiple Zeeman states is computed. Effects due to cavity birefringence and atomic ac-Stark shifts are included. The transmission spectrum is compared to experimental results for a single Cesium atom trapped via an intracavity FORT in a Fabry-Perot cavity. The excellent agreement of the theory with the data is used to infer the distribution of the position of the trapped atom. The intensity correlation function of this system is also calculated, and found to be strongly antibunched and sub-Poissonian. This effect is explained in terms of photon blockade, based on the structure of the lowest energy eigenvalues. Experimental results confirm the strong nonlinearity at the single-photon level. We present theoretical predictions of the weak field spectra of microtoroid and photonic bandgap cavities strongly coupled to the D2 transition of single Cesium atoms. These calculations include all hyperfine and Zeeman states of the transition and model the cavity as a single-mode, linearly polarized resonator. Finally, we outline a technique for using multiple hyperfine and Zeeman levels of a single atom in a strongly coupled atom-cavity system to generate polarized single photons on demand in a well-defined temporal mode via adiabatic passage. The technique is insensitive to cavity birefringence and only weakly sensitive to atomic position. Variations of this technique for generating entanglement of photon polarization and atomic Zeeman state are also discussed.