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Laser Physics Letters

Efficient parametric non-degenerate four-wave mixing in hot potassium vapor

B. Zlatković, Aleksandar J. Krmpot, Nikola Šibalić, Milan Radonjić, B. M. Jelenkovic

Published Nov 30, 2015• 16 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract We have observed high gains of the probe and the conjugate beams in non-degenerate four-wave mixing in hot potassium vapor, using a double-Λ configuration at the D1 line of the 39 K isotope. Gains of up to 82 for the conjugate beam and 63 for the probe beam have been achieved. Higher gains were obtained than with other alkali atoms under comparable experimental conditions due to lower ground state hyperfine splitting in the potassium atom. Experimental parameters for maximal gain have been determined. Notable gains are achieved at low pump intensities (~10 W cm −2 ) that are attainable even by conventional laser diodes. Due to their high gains, the probe and the conjugate beams may be suitable for utilization in quantum correlation and relative intensity squeezing experiments.

DOI
10.1088/1612-2011/13/1/015205

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Abstract We have observed high gains of the probe and the conjugate beams in non-degenerate four-wave mixing in hot potassium vapor, using a double-Λ configuration at the D1 line of the 39 K isotope. Gains of up to 82 for the conjugate beam and 63 for the probe beam have been achieved. Higher gains were obtained than with other alkali atoms under comparable experimental conditions due to lower ground state hyperfine splitting in the potassium atom. Experimental parameters for maximal gain have been determined. Notable gains are achieved at low pump intensities (~10 W cm −2 ) that are attainable even by conventional laser diodes. Due to their high gains, the probe and the conjugate beams may be suitable for utilization in quantum correlation and relative intensity squeezing experiments.
In this study we show the results for parametric non-degenerate four wave mixing (FWM) obtained using double lambda scheme at D1 line in hot potassium vapor. We have investigated the influence of one-photon detuning and two-photon detuning on the FWM gain. The laser frequency is locked at approximately 1GHz from the resonance 4S1/2 Fg=1 -< 4P1/2, using external reference cavity. The probe beam passes through acoustooptic modulator that enables controllable detuning around 460 MHz (ground state hyperfine splitting) in respect to the pump beam. The vacuum glass cell containing the potassium vapor was heated by hot air in order to achieve necessary concentration of atoms. The efficiency of FWM process is studied by measuring the gains of the conjugate beam the probe beam, simultaneously. The maximal gain was achieved for nonzero two photon detuning.
We investigate both theoretically and experimentally four-wave mixing (FWM) in hot potassium vapor, generated by a copropagating pump and probe in an off-resonant double-$\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ system, and present conditions when this atomic system is (1) a strong phase-insensitive parametric amplifier and (2) a source of large-amplitude squeezing. Theoretically, nonperturbative numerical calculations of optical Bloch-Maxwell equations have been solved for a four-level atomic system of K in order to derive the atomic polarization and then amplitudes of propagating optical waves, pump, probe, and conjugate. For potassium, to our knowledge, there are no such comparisons of theoretical and experimental results of gains of twin beams under the large range of FWM parameters as presented here. Results have shown that one-photon detuning has to be slightly larger than the Doppler broadened transition for large gains and strong squeezing. The gain is particularly large for small red two-photon detuning ($\ensuremath{-}2--6\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MHz}$) and high K density ($5.5--10\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{12}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$). Following experimentally and theoretically determined relation between gains, probe transmissions, and squeezing in Rb and Cs, we have found parameters of FWM when maximum squeezing in hot K vapor is expected.
We have investigated experimentally and theoretically four-wave mixing (FWM) in hot potassium vapor as a medium for producing slow and store light. Two pump and a single probe photon were mixed in double-Λ system, characterized by parametric amplification of coupled co-propagating probe and conjugate beams. We have observed very high gains of probe and conjugate, up to 60 and 80 respectively, at two photon Raman resonance, under large one photon detuning, and high K-cell temperature. Using an amplifying medium to alleviate the absorption and distortion of propagating pulses are important for slow-light propagation. We observed ultraslow propagation of probe and conjugate pulses under conditions when parametric amplification of twin beams is well below their maximum values. A fractional delays of close to 5 at a gain ∼1.5, for the probe pulse of 20 ns, have been achieved simultaneously for both probe and accompanying conjugate pulse. FWM mixing process under conditions of the experiment results in broadening of twin beams, close to observed delays.
We will present results that demonstrate squeezed light source based on Four Wave Mixing (FWM) in hot Potassium vapor. Squeezed light with the noise level of -6 dB below standard quantum limit is observed in the difference signal between correlated probe and conjugate beams, generated via FWM in potassium vapor. The vapor is contained in the vacuum K cell. For generating FWM we use nearly co-propagating pump and probe beam in a double Λ atomic scheme, which is similar to schemes used to demonstrate sqeezing in KD and in K. Obtained level of squeezing is improvement from the previous results for squeezing in potassium.
Using a nondegenerate four-wave mixing process based on a double-$\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ scheme in hot cesium vapor, we generate quantum correlated twin beams with a maximum intensity-difference squeezing of 6.5 dB. The substantially improved squeezing can be mainly attributed to very good frequency and phase-difference stability between the pump and probe beams in our experiment. Intensity-difference squeezing can be observed within a wide experimental parameter range, which guarantees its robust generation. Since this scheme produces multi-spatial-mode twin beams at the Cs D1{D}_{1}D1​ line, it is of interest for experiments involving quantum imaging and coherent interfaces between atomic and solid-state systems.
We experimentally and theoretically study propagation of 80-ns Gaussian-like probe pulses in hot potassium vapor under conditions of four-wave mixing (FWM). The atomic scheme for FWM is off-resonant, double-$\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ atomic scheme, with pump and probe photons, mediated in the K vapor, generating new probe and conjugate photons. We define the subset of FWM parameters, one-photon pump detuning, two-photon pump-probe Raman detuning, vapor density, the pump Rabi frequencies, when slowed pulses exit the vapor are also Gaussian-like. When Gaussian-like pulses exit the cell we are able to compare theoretical and experimental results for fractional delays and broadening for the probe and conjugate. We have obtained fractional delays above 1. Results of the model are compared with the experiment, with and without the model of Doppler averaging, when the atom velocity distribution is divided into different number of groups. We analyze possible causes for pulse broadening and distortion of slowed probe pulses and show that they are the result of quite different behavior of the probe pulse in the FWM vapor. Besides presenting the first results of slowing 80-ns probe pulses, this work is a useful test of the numerical model and values of parameters taken in the model that are not known in experiments.