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International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials (SSDM)

A Novel Integrated Optical Bistable Device

Junji Yumoto, H. Yajima, Satoshi Ishihara, J. Shimada, Masanobu Nakajima

Published Aug 25, 1982• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

The characteristics of novel optical bistable devices which integrate both interdigital electrodes and amorphous silicon photovoltaic detectors on the Ti-diffused LiNbO3 waveguide are described. In the devices, the transmitted light of the interdigital electrodes enters the amorphous silicon photovoltaic detectors and the output voltage of the detectors is fedback to the electrodes. Optical bistable operation occurs due to the nonlinear dependence of the transmission efficiency of the electrodes on the applied voltage. The characteristics of differential gain and hysteresis of the device were observed experimentally.

DOI
10.7567/ssdm.1982.b-3-5

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The characteristics of novel optical bistable devices which integrate both interdigital electrodes and amorphous silicon photovoltaic detectors on the Ti-diffused LiNbO3 waveguide are described. In the devices, the transmitted light of the interdigital electrodes enters the amorphous silicon photovoltaic detectors and the output voltage of the detectors is fedback to the electrodes. Optical bistable operation occurs due to the nonlinear dependence of the transmission efficiency of the electrodes on the applied voltage. The characteristics of differential gain and hysteresis of the device were observed experimentally.
We have built self-contained bistable optical devices using integrated Fabry-Perot resonators formed by attaching dielectric mirrors to the cleaved ends of a LiNbO3 substrate containing a Ti in-diffused waveguide modulator. Feedback from a novel composite photovoltaic detector which samples the output beam is applied to the modulator electrodes. We also describe an off-axis extraordinary wave resonator which permits low-energy operation. These integrated bistable devices operate solely with optical inputs and outputs; no source of electrical energy is required.
The nonlinear optical properties of many materials and devices have been the main object of research as potential candidates for sensing in different places. Just one of these properties has been, in most of the cases, the basis for the sensing operation. As a consequence, just one parameter can be detected. In this paper, although just one property will be employed too, we will show the possibility to sense different parameters with just one type of sensor. The way adopted in this work is the use of the optical bistability obtained from different photonic structures. Because this optical bistability has a strong dependence on many different parameters the possibility to sense different inputs appears. In our case, we will report the use of some non-linear optical devices, mainly Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers, as sensing elements. Because their outputs depend on many parameters, as the incident light wavelength, polarization, intensity and direction, applied voltage and feedback characteristics, they can be employed to detect, at the same time, different type of signals. This is because the way these different signals affect to the sensor response is very different too and appears under a different set of characteristics.
Increasing absorption optical and optoelectronic bistability in hybrid thermooptical Si devices (Fig. 1) are studied at 1.06 μm both theoretically and experimentally. The optical nonlinearity of such SEED devices is largely enhanced by the optoelectronically generated electrical power [1,2] and it is shown that the characteristics can easily be controlled by the applied voltage. Additionally, it is found that the external resistance R adds a further nonlinearity. As an important result, two hysteresis cycles can now occur in succeeding regions of the input power (Fig. 2). If R is replaced by a conventional photodetector or a second SEED element, interesting logic operations between two independent optical signals are possible. Au doped samples reveal that the bistability depends on the orientation of the electric field. Since Au traps control also the absorption we conclude finally that the device characteristics can largely be engineered.
When the output parameter of an optical device could be a multivalued function of the input parameter, this device can be working in an optical bistable status. The most typical optical bistable device is a Fabry–Perot cavity containing a nonlinear optical medium, the refractive index of which depends on the light intensity. Upon the action of an intense input optical beam, the transmitted (or reflected) intensity of this device may exhibit a nonlinear response to the incident light intensity variation and, especially under appropriate working conditions, the characteristic output/input curve may manifest a single (or multiple) hysteresis loop(s). Such type of optical bistable device can be used as an optical differential amplifier, optical switch, optical limiter, optical clipper, optical discriminator, or an optical memory element, depending on the chosen nonlinear medium and operation conditions.