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Scientific Reports

One Step Quantum Key Distribution Based on EPR Entanglement

Jian Li, Na Li, Leilei Li, Tao Wang

Published Jun 30, 2016• 32 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A novel quantum key distribution protocol is presented, based on entanglement and dense coding and allowing asymptotically secure key distribution. Considering the storage time limit of quantum bits, a grouping quantum key distribution protocol is proposed, which overcomes the vulnerability of first protocol and improves the maneuverability. Moreover, a security analysis is given and a simple type of eavesdropper's attack would introduce at least an error rate of 46.875%. Compared with the "Ping-pong" protocol involving two steps, the proposed protocol does not need to store the qubit and only involves one step.

DOI
10.1038/srep28767

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Built based on the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) enables secure communication for distant parties. Entanglement-based protocols are a type of QKD protocol that uses the phenomenon of entanglement for detecting eavesdroppers between two communicating parties. In this paper, a novel QKD protocol is devised that uses the concept of superdense coding and padding bits to share the one-time pad, i.e., the key. The super dense coding is achieved by sharing a pre-existing entangled pair of qubits by leveraging the beautiful property of entanglement. The communicating parties can share a one-time pad using this protocol securely. This paper will demonstrate this phenomenon using the proposed protocol by showing the experimental results which has been surfaced with IBM Qiskit simulator, and the simulation establishes the applicability of the protocol and shows its effectiveness in detecting eavesdropping attempts while being simple to implement.
A two-step channel-encrypting quantum key distribution protocol is proposed. Using the previously shared EPR pairs as the quantum key, two bits of classical key can be established via one information carrier EPR state on average. In theory, the efficiency of this protocol reaches 100%, and there is no need to consume any entangled states including both the quantum key and the information carriers in ideal condition. The protocol can resist the particular attack that is fatal to other some channel-encrypting schemes. Principally, we prove the security against the most general individual attack of this protocol. Entanglement collapse in practical situation, as well as the realistic implementation of this protocol is also discussed.
A quantum key distribution protocol, based on the quantum dense encoding in entangled states, is presented. In this protocol, we introduce an encoding process to encode,two classical bits information into one of the four one-qubit unitary operations implemented by Alice and the Bell states measurement implemented by Bob in stead of direct measuring the previously shared Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen pairs by both of the distant parties, Alice and Bob Considering the practical application we can get the conclusion that our protocol has some advantages. It not only simplifies the measurement which may induce potential errors, but also improves the effectively transmitted rate of the generated qubits by the raw key. Here we also discuss eavesdropping attacks against the scheme and the channel loss.
By carrying out measurements on entangled states, two parties can generate a secret key which is secure not only against an eavesdropper bound by the laws of quantum mechanics, but also against a hypothetical "post-quantum" eavesdroppers limited by the no-signalling principle only. We introduce a family of quantum key distribution protocols of this type, which are more efficient than previous ones, both in terms of key rate and noise resistance. Interestingly, the best protocols involve large number of measurements. We show that in the absence of noise, these protocols can yield one secret bit per entanglement bit, implying that the key rates in the no-signalling post-quantum scenario are comparable to the key rates in usual quantum key distribution.