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ACTA PHOTONICA SINICA

QBER Modeling and Simulation of QKD in Optical Fiber with Force

Yi Yan

Published Jan 1, 2009• 1 citation
OpenAlex

Abstract

The theoretical model of QBER(Quantum Bit Error Rate)was established with POVM(Positive Operator Valued Measurement).PANDA fiber as an example was simulated based on the model.The research results show that under the same angle,bit error rate(BER)increases with increase of force amplitude;and BER increases with increase of angle,under the same force without the consideration of 0 and π/2.For normalized force less than 0.4 or the angle less than π/12,the BER could be lower than 5%.

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The theoretical model of QBER(Quantum Bit Error Rate)was established with POVM(Positive Operator Valued Measurement).PANDA fiber as an example was simulated based on the model.The research results show that under the same angle,bit error rate(BER)increases with increase of force amplitude;and BER increases with increase of angle,under the same force without the consideration of 0 and π/2.For normalized force less than 0.4 or the angle less than π/12,the BER could be lower than 5%.
Affected by PMD(Polarization Mode Dispersion),the polarization state of the single photon will be randomly and slowly altered during the transmission in the fiber.This increases the error probability at the receiving end.So a means for measuring the variance to the preprocess polarization state is required for the distribution of the quantum key.A sensor with balanced detection is introduced to the BB84 protocol and the theoretical model of the QBER(Quantum Bit Error Rate) is established with POVM(Positive Operator Valued Measurement).The variance of the polarization state is measured with the Wollaston prism and the error is eliminated for the dual channel.The angle tolerance of the Wollaston prism is 0.1° and the numerical analysis by the use of the QBER model shows the new protocol decreases the error rate to 3.05×10-6.
An actual peer to peer quantum key distribution experimental system of polarization encoding was built based on BB84 protocol under pressure testing conditions.Fibre channel pressure experiment about quantum key distribution was completed.The theoretical model of quantum bit error rate was established with positive operator valued measurement method.The research results show that under the same pressure,bit error rate increased with the increase of angle,the result was as theoretical arithmetic expected;and at the same angle,the bit error rate showed a gentle shock upward trend with the increase of pressure,and when the pressure exceeded a critical value,the bit error rate increased rapidly,approaching the limit,forcing the quantum key distribution system to reestablish a connection.
There is considerable interest in finding conditions under which the quantum key distribution (QKD) propagation distances over fiber and secure key rate (SKR) are maximized for a given acceptable quantum bit error rate. One way to increase the secure key rate is to increase quantum bit rate, i.e. use shorter pulses. Short pulses propagating in a fiber are subject to temporal broadening caused by chromatic dispersion (CD) which leads to inter-symbol-interference and quantum bit-error rate increase. Current commercial QKD systems employ 1 Gb/s quantum bit rate sources, and the transition to 10 Gb/s system is being researched. While not very important in the 1 Gb/s, the effect of CD cannot be neglected in 10 Gb/s or higher quantum bit rate systems.
The hybrid modulation quantum key distribution(QKD) via single-photon two-qubit states scheme is analyzed,and an improvement scheme is proposed.The input-output model of polarization is established.And the influence of the interferometers on the polarization coding is analyzed.Quantum bit error rate(QBER) of polarization coding caused by the phasic error of fast and slow axes and the alignment error between the basis vectors of polarization and polarization axis is simulated.Furthermore,the stability conditions of polarization are derived on this basis.The QBER of polarization coding can be influenced deeply by the fiber M-Z interferometers.The theoretic analysis reveals that the jitter of polarization state is not only derived from the birefringency,but also derived from coordinate system difference between incident light and fast and slow axes in fiber interferometer.Some necessary conditoins for the QKD via single-photon two-qubit states are given.The simulation show that when ρ and θ are both below 0.2 rad,the polarization QBER is less than 0.015.When ρ and θ are both below 0.4 rad,the polarization QBER is less than 0.06.The polarization QBER of 2%-5% in two-qubit QKD scheme could be accepted as far as the safety upper limit of QBER(11%) is concerned.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) as a technology is being actively implemented into existing urban telecommunication networks. QKD devices are commercially available products. While sending single photons through optical fiber, adjacent fibers, which are used to transfer classical information, might influence the amount of registrations of single photon detectors. This influence is registered, since it directly introduces a higher quantum bit error rate (QBER) into the final key [1-3]. Our report presents the results of the first tests of the QKD device, developed in the Russian Quantum Center. These tests were conducted in Moscow, and are the first of such a device in Russia in urban optical fiber telecommunication networks. The device in question is based on a two-pass auto-compensating optical scheme, which provides stable single photon transfer through urban optical fiber telecommunication networks [4,5]. The single photon detectors ID230 by ID Quantique were used. They operate in free-running mode, and with a quantum effectiveness of 10 % have a dark count ~10 Hz. The background signal level in the dedicated fiber was no less than 5.6∙10-14 W, which corresponds to 4.4∙104 detector clicks per second. The single mode fiber length in Moscow was 30.6 km, the total attenuation equal to 11.7 dB. The sifted quantum key bit rate reached values of 1.9 kbit/s with the QBER level equal to 5.1 %. Methods of lowering the influence of crosstalk on the QBER are considered.
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a potential defense against future quantum attacks that can break traditional encryption algorithms, such as RSA and ECC. The current work is based on the development of the BB84 protocol with the features of utilizing quantum mechanics and eavesdropping detection through signal disturbance. A simulation of the BB84 protocol was built using polarization encoding over a 10 km single-mode optical fiber using OptiSystem software. The system consists of standard telecom equipment, such as a continuous wave laser at a frequency of 193.1 THz, polarization controllers, and single-photon detectors. Both secure and insecure cases were simulated, where an attacker (Eve) had used an intercept-resend attack. The outcome showed significant Bit Error Rate (BER) and Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER) increases during attacks, thus proving the protocol's vulnerability to interference. In addition, a special intrusion detection system based on BER was used to identify such anomalies in real-time. The simulation illustrates the feasibility of using QKD in today's optical networks to secure communications.