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Journal of Optoelectronics·laser

Quantum bit error rate analysis of quantum key distribution via single-photon two-qubit states

Zihang Zhu

Published Jan 1, 2013• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

The hybrid modulation quantum key distribution(QKD) via single-photon two-qubit states scheme is analyzed,and an improvement scheme is proposed.The input-output model of polarization is established.And the influence of the interferometers on the polarization coding is analyzed.Quantum bit error rate(QBER) of polarization coding caused by the phasic error of fast and slow axes and the alignment error between the basis vectors of polarization and polarization axis is simulated.Furthermore,the stability conditions of polarization are derived on this basis.The QBER of polarization coding can be influenced deeply by the fiber M-Z interferometers.The theoretic analysis reveals that the jitter of polarization state is not only derived from the birefringency,but also derived from coordinate system difference between incident light and fast and slow axes in fiber interferometer.Some necessary conditoins for the QKD via single-photon two-qubit states are given.The simulation show that when ρ and θ are both below 0.2 rad,the polarization QBER is less than 0.015.When ρ and θ are both below 0.4 rad,the polarization QBER is less than 0.06.The polarization QBER of 2%-5% in two-qubit QKD scheme could be accepted as far as the safety upper limit of QBER(11%) is concerned.

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The hybrid modulation quantum key distribution(QKD) via single-photon two-qubit states scheme is analyzed,and an improvement scheme is proposed.The input-output model of polarization is established.And the influence of the interferometers on the polarization coding is analyzed.Quantum bit error rate(QBER) of polarization coding caused by the phasic error of fast and slow axes and the alignment error between the basis vectors of polarization and polarization axis is simulated.Furthermore,the stability conditions of polarization are derived on this basis.The QBER of polarization coding can be influenced deeply by the fiber M-Z interferometers.The theoretic analysis reveals that the jitter of polarization state is not only derived from the birefringency,but also derived from coordinate system difference between incident light and fast and slow axes in fiber interferometer.Some necessary conditoins for the QKD via single-photon two-qubit states are given.The simulation show that when ρ and θ are both below 0.2 rad,the polarization QBER is less than 0.015.When ρ and θ are both below 0.4 rad,the polarization QBER is less than 0.06.The polarization QBER of 2%-5% in two-qubit QKD scheme could be accepted as far as the safety upper limit of QBER(11%) is concerned.
Quantum bit error rate (QBER) of the quantum key distribution system based on the unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer is theoretically analyzed. The influence of the unsymmetry of the two Mach-Zehnder interferometers, the birefringence in the fiber and the fluctuation of the temperature, on the QBER have been discussed in detail. The analytical expression of the QBER is deduced. It shows that the QBER caused by the unsymmetry of the two Mach-Zehnder interferometers defers to the Gauss distribution, QBER caused by the birefringence in the fiber which results in the disaccord of the polarization of the two pulses defers to the cosine distribution, and the fluctuation of the temperature exert great influence on the QBER.
This paper mainly solves the photon polarization encoding problem of quantum key distribution (QKD) between different media. The influence of the transmission rate of different photon component on quantum bit error rate (QBER) has been quantitatively analyzed, with a practical analysis of QBER of QKD between air and water. Furthermore, we have put forward a single-photon compensation scheme for eliminating such non-ideal BB84 protocol, as well as a more robust and practical dual-photon encoding scheme to offset such interfacial non-unitary noise. This takes an important step towards the air-sea-ground wide area quantum communication in the future.
The calibration of the polarization basis between the transmitter and receiver is an important task in quantum key distribution. A continuously working polarization-basis tracking scheme (PBTS) will effectively promote the efficiency of the system and reduce the potential security risk when switching between the transmission and calibration modes. Here, we proposed a single-photon level continuously working PBTS using only sifted key bits revealed during an error correction procedure, without introducing additional reference light or interrupting the transmission of quantum signals. We applied the scheme to a polarization-encoding BB84 QKD system in a 50 km fiber channel, and obtained an average quantum bit error rate (QBER) of 2.32% and a standard derivation of 0.87% during 24 h of continuous operation. The stable and relatively low QBER validates the effectiveness of the scheme.
The characteristics of quantum channel play important roles on designing a high performance quantum communication system. In this paper, we analyze the fidelity of polarization state travelling through a non-Markovian optical fiber depolarizing quantum channel with color noise environment. The quantum bit error rate (QBER) of a polarization coding BB84 quantum key distribution (QKD) system under non-Markovian depolarizing channel is also discussed. Analysis results show that there are several security regions caused by the fluctuation of QBER in such a non-Markovian channel. These will provide references for designing polarization compensation scheme and estimating of secure distance.
A measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) protocol is immune to all detection side-channel attacks and guarantees the information-theoretical security even with uncharacterized single photon detectors. A weak coherent source is used in the current MDI-QKD experiments, it inevitably contains a certain percentage of vacuum and multi-photon pulses. The security issues introduced by these source imperfections can be avoided by applying the decoy state method. Here, through modeling experimental devices, and taking into account the weak coherent source and the threshold detectors, we have evaluated the gain, the probability to get successful Bell measurement and incorrect Bell measurement, and the quantum bit error rate (QBER), given a practical setup. In our simulation, we show how QBER varies with different transmission distances in the cases when the average photon numbers per pulse from Alice and Bob are symmetric and asymmetric. Result shows that the multi-photon pulses do not cause error in the Z basis of polarization encoding scheme, but produce a large QBER in phase encoding scheme and in the X basis of polarization encoding scheme. QBER is affected by the dark count rate and the system optical error associated with the multi-photon pulses. For different encoding schemes, QBER caused by each kind of average photon numbers from Alice and Bob increases to different degrees with the transmission distance, and finally is close to 50%. With the increase of the transmission distance, the average photon number per pulse decreases and the fraction of the dark count rate causing QBER gradually increases. Under the same effect of the dark count rate, the smaller the average photon number per pulse, the bigger the QBER. After a certain transmission and at the same transmission distance, the QBER is largest when average photon numbers used by Alice and Bob are both smallest. For the short distance transmission of phase encoding scheme and the X basis, we find that QBER is larger when average photon numbers from the two arms are asymmetric, as compared to the symmetric case. For the Z basis, the QBER caused by the system optical error and the dark count rate is very small.
Affected by PMD(Polarization Mode Dispersion),the polarization state of the single photon will be randomly and slowly altered during the transmission in the fiber.This increases the error probability at the receiving end.So a means for measuring the variance to the preprocess polarization state is required for the distribution of the quantum key.A sensor with balanced detection is introduced to the BB84 protocol and the theoretical model of the QBER(Quantum Bit Error Rate) is established with POVM(Positive Operator Valued Measurement).The variance of the polarization state is measured with the Wollaston prism and the error is eliminated for the dual channel.The angle tolerance of the Wollaston prism is 0.1° and the numerical analysis by the use of the QBER model shows the new protocol decreases the error rate to 3.05×10-6.