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Journal of Jilin University(Science Edition)

Influence of Fibre Channel Pressure on Actual Quantum Bit Error Rate

WU Jia-na

Published Jan 1, 2015• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

An actual peer to peer quantum key distribution experimental system of polarization encoding was built based on BB84 protocol under pressure testing conditions.Fibre channel pressure experiment about quantum key distribution was completed.The theoretical model of quantum bit error rate was established with positive operator valued measurement method.The research results show that under the same pressure,bit error rate increased with the increase of angle,the result was as theoretical arithmetic expected;and at the same angle,the bit error rate showed a gentle shock upward trend with the increase of pressure,and when the pressure exceeded a critical value,the bit error rate increased rapidly,approaching the limit,forcing the quantum key distribution system to reestablish a connection.

Related papers

Influence of Actual Transmission Distance on Quantum Key Distribution System

WU Jia-na

A long distance peer to peer quantum key distribution experimental system of polarization encoding was built based on BB84 protocol.With the help of this experimental platform,quantum key distribution experiment with 5,10,15 km three different transmission distances was completed and the main parameters of the system was collected in real time for data analysis.The experimental results show that with the increase of quantum fiber channel distance from sending end to receiving end,the system bit generation rate and the amount of key generated by the system would drop,the bit error rate of signal state and decoy state would increase within statistical time.The experimental results have theoretical and practical value for practical development of the long-range security quantum key distribution system.

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In the BB84 quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol, the communicating parties do a quantum bit error rate (QBER) test to determine whether there is an eavesdropper trying to gain information about the secret key. However, the QBER is not only influenced by the eavesdropper’s strategies, but also by the imperfections of the physical devices and the channel through which the quantum states propagate. We developed a simple channel model with error parameters describing the channel and the potential polarization switching in the transmitter, to see how those effects influence the QBER in a polarization-qubit BB84 implementation. Certain well-defined probabilistic channel models are compared to see which is responsible for the highest error probability.

International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology•Jan 1, 2019•7 citations

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Analysis of the effect of polarization mode dispersion on QKD

Yun-hui Yi

Affected by PMD(Polarization Mode Dispersion),the polarization state of the single photon will be randomly and slowly altered during the transmission in the fiber.This increases the error probability at the receiving end.So a means for measuring the variance to the preprocess polarization state is required for the distribution of the quantum key.A sensor with balanced detection is introduced to the BB84 protocol and the theoretical model of the QBER(Quantum Bit Error Rate) is established with POVM(Positive Operator Valued Measurement).The variance of the polarization state is measured with the Wollaston prism and the error is eliminated for the dual channel.The angle tolerance of the Wollaston prism is 0.1° and the numerical analysis by the use of the QBER model shows the new protocol decreases the error rate to 3.05×10-6.

Journal of Xidian University•Jan 1, 2008•0 citations

Quantum Bit Error Rate Analysis in BB84 Quantum Key Distribution: Measurement, Statistical Estimation, and Eavesdropping Detection

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Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) provides information-theoretic security by exploiting the principles of quantum mechanics. Among QKD protocols, the BB84 scheme remains the most widely adopted for both theoretical research and practical implementation. A critical parameter determining the reliability and security of BB84 is the Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER), which quantifies errors in the sifted key arising from channel noise or potential eavesdropping. This paper presents a systematic review and analysis of QBER within the BB84 protocol, examining its calculation, statistical estimation methods, and role in detecting eavesdropping activity. Simulation results, corroborated by reported experimental observations, reveal a near-linear relationship between eavesdropping intensity and QBER, with values approaching 25% under full intercept-resend attacks. Four confidence interval estimation methods, Wald, Wilson, Clopper-Pearson, and Hoeffding's inequality, are compared for robust QBER analysis in finite-key scenarios. Protocol enhancements, including decoy-state methods, hybrid cryptographic models, and quantum-resistant authentication, are discussed as mechanisms to mitigate errors and strengthen resilience across fiber, free-space, underwater, and satellite QKD systems. Open challenges in distinguishing noise-induced errors from malicious eavesdropping, and the role of adaptive error correction and machine-learning-assisted QBER estimation in future quantum networks, are identified as key directions for further research.

quant-pharXiv:2603.27278•Mar 31, 2026•0 citations

Experimental investigation of quantum key distribution over a water channel

Shicheng Zhao, Wendong Li, Yuan Shen +9 more

Quantum key distribution (QKD) has undergone significant development in recent decades, particularly with respect to free-space (air) and optical fiber channels. Here, we report a proof-of-principle experiment for the BB84 protocol QKD over a water channel. First, we demonstrate again the polarization preservation properties of the water channel in optical transmission according to the measured Mueller matrix, which is close to the unit matrix. The reason for the polarization preservation, revealed by Monte Carlo simulation, is that almost all the received photons are unscattered. Then, we performed the first polarization encoding BB84 protocol QKD over a 2.37 m water channel. The results show that QKD can be performed with a low quantum bit error rate, less than 3.5%, with different attenuation coefficients.

arXiv:1903.01171•Applied Optics•May 8, 2019•65 citations
An actual peer to peer quantum key distribution experimental system of polarization encoding was built based on BB84 protocol under pressure testing conditions.Fibre channel pressure experiment about quantum key distribution was completed.The theoretical model of quantum bit error rate was established with positive operator valued measurement method.The research results show that under the same pressure,bit error rate increased with the increase of angle,the result was as theoretical arithmetic expected;and at the same angle,the bit error rate showed a gentle shock upward trend with the increase of pressure,and when the pressure exceeded a critical value,the bit error rate increased rapidly,approaching the limit,forcing the quantum key distribution system to reestablish a connection.
A long distance peer to peer quantum key distribution experimental system of polarization encoding was built based on BB84 protocol.With the help of this experimental platform,quantum key distribution experiment with 5,10,15 km three different transmission distances was completed and the main parameters of the system was collected in real time for data analysis.The experimental results show that with the increase of quantum fiber channel distance from sending end to receiving end,the system bit generation rate and the amount of key generated by the system would drop,the bit error rate of signal state and decoy state would increase within statistical time.The experimental results have theoretical and practical value for practical development of the long-range security quantum key distribution system.
In the BB84 quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol, the communicating parties do a quantum bit error rate (QBER) test to determine whether there is an eavesdropper trying to gain information about the secret key. However, the QBER is not only influenced by the eavesdropper’s strategies, but also by the imperfections of the physical devices and the channel through which the quantum states propagate. We developed a simple channel model with error parameters describing the channel and the potential polarization switching in the transmitter, to see how those effects influence the QBER in a polarization-qubit BB84 implementation. Certain well-defined probabilistic channel models are compared to see which is responsible for the highest error probability.
Affected by PMD(Polarization Mode Dispersion),the polarization state of the single photon will be randomly and slowly altered during the transmission in the fiber.This increases the error probability at the receiving end.So a means for measuring the variance to the preprocess polarization state is required for the distribution of the quantum key.A sensor with balanced detection is introduced to the BB84 protocol and the theoretical model of the QBER(Quantum Bit Error Rate) is established with POVM(Positive Operator Valued Measurement).The variance of the polarization state is measured with the Wollaston prism and the error is eliminated for the dual channel.The angle tolerance of the Wollaston prism is 0.1° and the numerical analysis by the use of the QBER model shows the new protocol decreases the error rate to 3.05×10-6.
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) provides information-theoretic security by exploiting the principles of quantum mechanics. Among QKD protocols, the BB84 scheme remains the most widely adopted for both theoretical research and practical implementation. A critical parameter determining the reliability and security of BB84 is the Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER), which quantifies errors in the sifted key arising from channel noise or potential eavesdropping. This paper presents a systematic review and analysis of QBER within the BB84 protocol, examining its calculation, statistical estimation methods, and role in detecting eavesdropping activity. Simulation results, corroborated by reported experimental observations, reveal a near-linear relationship between eavesdropping intensity and QBER, with values approaching 25% under full intercept-resend attacks. Four confidence interval estimation methods, Wald, Wilson, Clopper-Pearson, and Hoeffding's inequality, are compared for robust QBER analysis in finite-key scenarios. Protocol enhancements, including decoy-state methods, hybrid cryptographic models, and quantum-resistant authentication, are discussed as mechanisms to mitigate errors and strengthen resilience across fiber, free-space, underwater, and satellite QKD systems. Open challenges in distinguishing noise-induced errors from malicious eavesdropping, and the role of adaptive error correction and machine-learning-assisted QBER estimation in future quantum networks, are identified as key directions for further research.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) has undergone significant development in recent decades, particularly with respect to free-space (air) and optical fiber channels. Here, we report a proof-of-principle experiment for the BB84 protocol QKD over a water channel. First, we demonstrate again the polarization preservation properties of the water channel in optical transmission according to the measured Mueller matrix, which is close to the unit matrix. The reason for the polarization preservation, revealed by Monte Carlo simulation, is that almost all the received photons are unscattered. Then, we performed the first polarization encoding BB84 protocol QKD over a 2.37 m water channel. The results show that QKD can be performed with a low quantum bit error rate, less than 3.5%, with different attenuation coefficients.