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Quantum Optics in Diamond Nanophotonic Chips

Dirk Englund

Published Jul 1, 2014• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Abstract : This report summarizes our recent progress on the development of photonic nanostructures for sensing and information processing. We have developed a nitrogen vacancy (NV) spin qubit-cavity system in the strong Purcell regime in which the spin qubit predominantly interacts with the cavity mode. This system is realized in a single-crystal diamond photonic crystal nanocavity with quality factors (Q) up to 104. Furthermore, we measure electron spin coherence times of cavity-coupled NVs of 200 us. We have also developed techniques for NV-based super-resolution imaging and precision sensing, using high-speed parallel readout on a microscope camera; and we have developed techniques for precision clocks based on collective oscillation of ensembles of NVs. We also report on graphene electro-optic devices and sensors.

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A central goal of quantum information science is the entanglement of multiple quantum memories that can be individually controlled. Here, we discuss progress towards photonic integrated circuits designed to enable efficient optical interactions between multiple spin qubits in nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond. We describe NV-nanocavity systems in the strong Purcell regime with optical quality factors approaching 10,000 and electron spin coherence times exceeding 200 μs; implantation of NVs with nanometer-scale apertures, including into cavity field maxima; hybrid on-chip networks for integration of multiple functional NV-cavity systems; and scalable integration of superconducting nanowire single photon detectors on-chip.

Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE•Sep 1, 2015•0 citations

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We discuss progress towards the development of on-chip quantum networks of multiple spin qubits in nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond. We report NV-nanocavity systems in the strong Purcell regime; implantation of NVs with nanometer-scale apertures, including into cavity field maxima; hybrid on-chip networks for integration of multiple functional NV-cavity systems; and scalable integration of superconducting nanowire single photon detectors on-chip.

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Efficient interfaces between optical photons and quantum bits are fundamental building blocks for quantum networks and large-scale quantum computers. We demonstrate an integrated platform for scalable quantum optics based on color centers coupled to diamond nanodevices. First, we incorporate nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond into hybrid nanophotonic crystal cavities. Despite our progress towards coupling the NV to cavity photons, we find that the NV-cavity interface is limited by the imperfections of the color center's properties and its local environment. We approach this challenge first by characterizing and modifying the diamond surface to reduce the environmental noise affecting the NV optical transition. Subsequently, we develop a new approach that makes use of a quantum emitter with intrinsic protection from this noise: the silicon-vacancy (SiV) center in diamond. We demonstrate that SiV centers introduced through ion implantation feature highly coherent optical transitions, even inside nanostructures. By placing SiV centers inside all-diamond photonic crystal cavities, we achieve strong SiV-photon coupling with a cooperativity of greater than 20. Using this platform, we realize a quantum-optical switch controlled by the spin degree of freedom of a single SiV. By measuring intensity correlations of indistinguishable Raman photons emitted into a single waveguide, we observe a quantum interference effect resulting from the superradiant emission of two probabilistically entangled SiV centers. Finally, we demonstrate controllable photon-mediated interactions between the spin degrees of freedom of two cavity-coupled SiV centers. When the optical transitions of the two SiV centers are tuned into resonance, the coupling of each SiV to the common cavity mode results in a coherent interaction between the two SiVs, leading to the observation of super- and sub-radiant two-SiV states.

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Quantum technology employs physical systems which are best described using the language of quantum mechanics for useful and sometimes novel applications. The immense promise of quantum technology to impact the fields of computing, communication, and metrology is rivaled by the immense challenge of controlling a system's quantum degrees of freedom. This fine-grained control is made possible by recent advances in high speed electronics and precise nanofabrication and provides access to exploration of new technical frontiers. This thesis presents experiments in which nanostructures in diamonds are the foundation for advancements in quantum technology. We advance two separate platforms -- a building block of a quantum communication network based on silicon-vacancy centers (SiVs) in nanophotonic cavities and a novel platform for nanoscale nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) based on nitrogen-vacancy centers (NVs) in sealed nanowells. Both platforms employ coherent control of optically-accessible quantum spins, made possible through nanoscale fabrication of the materials platform and advanced electronic measurement and control systems. To advance the SiV platform, we develop a new nanophotonic cavity design framework through which we design novel asymmetric cavities tailored for coherent single photon generation. We also explore the capabilities and practical limitations of the nanophotonic device as a cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED) system especially with regard to ultra-small mode volume cavities. Along the way, we develop software and simulation infrastructure which are also reported here. The second platform is a newly developed system for performing NMR with NVs on nanoconfined liquids. This system is operated at room temperature, and it takes advantage of the NV's nanoscale magnetic sensing capabilities. We perform a series of foundational experiments with this new platform which ultimately culminate in demonstrating proton NMR of nanoconfined water. Together, these advances demonstrate the potential of diamond nanofabrication by advancing the field of quantum information processing with defect centers in solid-state systems and more broadly, making contributions to nanophotonics, quantum communication, and nanoscale metrology.

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Birgit J. M. Hausmann, Jennifer T. Choy, Thomas M. Babinec +4 more

Abstract Diamond nanophotonics have evolved tremendously from the study of color centers in bulk single crystals and nanocrystals to their characterization in nanostructured environments. This development was facilitated by the ability to generate monolithic, sophisticated nanodevices in high quality single crystal diamond. Here, we present some recent contributions to the field of diamond nanophotonics: increase in single photon collection from nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers embedded in diamond nanowires, broadband spontaneous emission enhancement of single NV centers in plasmonic resonators, and coupling of single NV centers to planar resonators on‐chip. magnified image

physica status solidi (a)•Sep 1, 2012•37 citations
Abstract : This report summarizes our recent progress on the development of photonic nanostructures for sensing and information processing. We have developed a nitrogen vacancy (NV) spin qubit-cavity system in the strong Purcell regime in which the spin qubit predominantly interacts with the cavity mode. This system is realized in a single-crystal diamond photonic crystal nanocavity with quality factors (Q) up to 104. Furthermore, we measure electron spin coherence times of cavity-coupled NVs of 200 us. We have also developed techniques for NV-based super-resolution imaging and precision sensing, using high-speed parallel readout on a microscope camera; and we have developed techniques for precision clocks based on collective oscillation of ensembles of NVs. We also report on graphene electro-optic devices and sensors.
A central goal of quantum information science is the entanglement of multiple quantum memories that can be individually controlled. Here, we discuss progress towards photonic integrated circuits designed to enable efficient optical interactions between multiple spin qubits in nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond. We describe NV-nanocavity systems in the strong Purcell regime with optical quality factors approaching 10,000 and electron spin coherence times exceeding 200 μs; implantation of NVs with nanometer-scale apertures, including into cavity field maxima; hybrid on-chip networks for integration of multiple functional NV-cavity systems; and scalable integration of superconducting nanowire single photon detectors on-chip.
Efficient interfaces between optical photons and quantum bits are fundamental building blocks for quantum networks and large-scale quantum computers. We demonstrate an integrated platform for scalable quantum optics based on color centers coupled to diamond nanodevices. First, we incorporate nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond into hybrid nanophotonic crystal cavities. Despite our progress towards coupling the NV to cavity photons, we find that the NV-cavity interface is limited by the imperfections of the color center's properties and its local environment. We approach this challenge first by characterizing and modifying the diamond surface to reduce the environmental noise affecting the NV optical transition. Subsequently, we develop a new approach that makes use of a quantum emitter with intrinsic protection from this noise: the silicon-vacancy (SiV) center in diamond. We demonstrate that SiV centers introduced through ion implantation feature highly coherent optical transitions, even inside nanostructures. By placing SiV centers inside all-diamond photonic crystal cavities, we achieve strong SiV-photon coupling with a cooperativity of greater than 20. Using this platform, we realize a quantum-optical switch controlled by the spin degree of freedom of a single SiV. By measuring intensity correlations of indistinguishable Raman photons emitted into a single waveguide, we observe a quantum interference effect resulting from the superradiant emission of two probabilistically entangled SiV centers. Finally, we demonstrate controllable photon-mediated interactions between the spin degrees of freedom of two cavity-coupled SiV centers. When the optical transitions of the two SiV centers are tuned into resonance, the coupling of each SiV to the common cavity mode results in a coherent interaction between the two SiVs, leading to the observation of super- and sub-radiant two-SiV states.
Quantum technology employs physical systems which are best described using the language of quantum mechanics for useful and sometimes novel applications. The immense promise of quantum technology to impact the fields of computing, communication, and metrology is rivaled by the immense challenge of controlling a system's quantum degrees of freedom. This fine-grained control is made possible by recent advances in high speed electronics and precise nanofabrication and provides access to exploration of new technical frontiers. This thesis presents experiments in which nanostructures in diamonds are the foundation for advancements in quantum technology. We advance two separate platforms -- a building block of a quantum communication network based on silicon-vacancy centers (SiVs) in nanophotonic cavities and a novel platform for nanoscale nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) based on nitrogen-vacancy centers (NVs) in sealed nanowells. Both platforms employ coherent control of optically-accessible quantum spins, made possible through nanoscale fabrication of the materials platform and advanced electronic measurement and control systems. To advance the SiV platform, we develop a new nanophotonic cavity design framework through which we design novel asymmetric cavities tailored for coherent single photon generation. We also explore the capabilities and practical limitations of the nanophotonic device as a cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED) system especially with regard to ultra-small mode volume cavities. Along the way, we develop software and simulation infrastructure which are also reported here. The second platform is a newly developed system for performing NMR with NVs on nanoconfined liquids. This system is operated at room temperature, and it takes advantage of the NV's nanoscale magnetic sensing capabilities. We perform a series of foundational experiments with this new platform which ultimately culminate in demonstrating proton NMR of nanoconfined water. Together, these advances demonstrate the potential of diamond nanofabrication by advancing the field of quantum information processing with defect centers in solid-state systems and more broadly, making contributions to nanophotonics, quantum communication, and nanoscale metrology.
Abstract Diamond nanophotonics have evolved tremendously from the study of color centers in bulk single crystals and nanocrystals to their characterization in nanostructured environments. This development was facilitated by the ability to generate monolithic, sophisticated nanodevices in high quality single crystal diamond. Here, we present some recent contributions to the field of diamond nanophotonics: increase in single photon collection from nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers embedded in diamond nanowires, broadband spontaneous emission enhancement of single NV centers in plasmonic resonators, and coupling of single NV centers to planar resonators on‐chip. magnified image