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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

An integrated diamond nanophotonics platform for quantum optics

Ruffin E. Evans, Денис Дмитриевич Сукачев, Christian N. Nguyen, Mihir K. Bhaskar, Alp Sipahigil, Bartholomeus Machielse, Grace Zhang, Michael J. Burek, Marko Lončar, Mikhail D. Lukin

Published Mar 9, 2018• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Efficient interfaces between optical photons and quantum bits are fundamental building blocks for quantum networks and large-scale quantum computers. We demonstrate an integrated platform for scalable quantum optics based on color centers coupled to diamond nanodevices. First, we incorporate nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond into hybrid nanophotonic crystal cavities. Despite our progress towards coupling the NV to cavity photons, we find that the NV-cavity interface is limited by the imperfections of the color center's properties and its local environment. We approach this challenge first by characterizing and modifying the diamond surface to reduce the environmental noise affecting the NV optical transition. Subsequently, we develop a new approach that makes use of a quantum emitter with intrinsic protection from this noise: the silicon-vacancy (SiV) center in diamond. We demonstrate that SiV centers introduced through ion implantation feature highly coherent optical transitions, even inside nanostructures. By placing SiV centers inside all-diamond photonic crystal cavities, we achieve strong SiV-photon coupling with a cooperativity of greater than 20. Using this platform, we realize a quantum-optical switch controlled by the spin degree of freedom of a single SiV. By measuring intensity correlations of indistinguishable Raman photons emitted into a single waveguide, we observe a quantum interference effect resulting from the superradiant emission of two probabilistically entangled SiV centers. Finally, we demonstrate controllable photon-mediated interactions between the spin degrees of freedom of two cavity-coupled SiV centers. When the optical transitions of the two SiV centers are tuned into resonance, the coupling of each SiV to the common cavity mode results in a coherent interaction between the two SiVs, leading to the observation of super- and sub-radiant two-SiV states.

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Efficient interfaces between optical photons and quantum bits are fundamental building blocks for quantum networks and large-scale quantum computers. We demonstrate an integrated platform for scalable quantum optics based on color centers coupled to diamond nanodevices. First, we incorporate nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond into hybrid nanophotonic crystal cavities. Despite our progress towards coupling the NV to cavity photons, we find that the NV-cavity interface is limited by the imperfections of the color center's properties and its local environment. We approach this challenge first by characterizing and modifying the diamond surface to reduce the environmental noise affecting the NV optical transition. Subsequently, we develop a new approach that makes use of a quantum emitter with intrinsic protection from this noise: the silicon-vacancy (SiV) center in diamond. We demonstrate that SiV centers introduced through ion implantation feature highly coherent optical transitions, even inside nanostructures. By placing SiV centers inside all-diamond photonic crystal cavities, we achieve strong SiV-photon coupling with a cooperativity of greater than 20. Using this platform, we realize a quantum-optical switch controlled by the spin degree of freedom of a single SiV. By measuring intensity correlations of indistinguishable Raman photons emitted into a single waveguide, we observe a quantum interference effect resulting from the superradiant emission of two probabilistically entangled SiV centers. Finally, we demonstrate controllable photon-mediated interactions between the spin degrees of freedom of two cavity-coupled SiV centers. When the optical transitions of the two SiV centers are tuned into resonance, the coupling of each SiV to the common cavity mode results in a coherent interaction between the two SiVs, leading to the observation of super- and sub-radiant two-SiV states.
Efficient interfaces between photons and quantum emitters form the basis for quantum networks and enable optical nonlinearities at the single-photon level. We demonstrate an integrated platform for scalable quantum nanophotonics based on silicon-vacancy (SiV) color centers coupled to diamond nanodevices. By placing SiV centers inside diamond photonic crystal cavities, we realize a quantum-optical switch controlled by a single color center. We control the switch using SiV metastable states and observe optical switching at the single-photon level. Raman transitions are used to realize a single-photon source with a tunable frequency and bandwidth in a diamond waveguide. By measuring intensity correlations of indistinguishable Raman photons emitted into a single waveguide, we observe a quantum interference effect resulting from the superradiant emission of two entangled SiV centers.
Photon-mediated interactions between quantum systems are essential for realizing quantum networks and scalable quantum information processing. We demonstrate such interactions between pairs of silicon-vacancy (SiV) color centers coupled to a diamond nanophotonic cavity. When the optical transitions of the two color centers are tuned into resonance, the coupling to the common cavity mode results in a coherent interaction between them, leading to spectrally resolved superradiant and subradiant states. We use the electronic spin degrees of freedom of the SiV centers to control these optically mediated interactions. Such controlled interactions will be crucial in developing cavity-mediated quantum gates between spin qubits and for realizing scalable quantum network nodes.
Photon-mediated interactions between quantum systems are essential for realizing quantum networks and scalable quantum information processing. We demonstrate such interactions between pairs of silicon-vacancy (SiV) color centers strongly coupled to a diamond nanophotonic cavity. When the optical transitions of the two color centers are tuned into resonance, the coupling to the common cavity mode results in a coherent interaction between them, leading to spectrally-resolved superradiant and subradiant states. We use the electronic spin degrees of freedom of the SiV centers to control these optically-mediated interactions. Our experiments pave the way for implementation of cavity-mediated quantum gates between spin qubits and for realization of scalable quantum network nodes.
The construction of a quantum internet, an interconnected network which can distribute and store quantum states, is an essential step towards the development of next generation quantum technologies, including unconditionally secure communication, enhanced metrology, and distributed quantum computing. Development of these networks require functional nodes consisting of stationary registers with the capability of high-fidelity quantum information processing and storage, which efficiently interface with photonic qubits. This thesis outlines one emerging platform for building a quantum network node using the silicon-vacancy color center in diamond (SiV). Although previous work has established the SiV as a superior optical emitter capable of strong light-matter coupling, its feasibility as a quantum memory has remained elusive, primarily due to coupling to thermal phonons. This suggests two branching research directions: one where this coupling is investigated and characterized as a nanoscale sensor, and one where this coupling is supressed in order to realize the SiV as a quantum information processor. This thesis begins by highlighting the extreme phonon sensitivity as a metrological tool, where an ensemble of SiVs are used as an all-optical thermometer, capable of \SI{70}{\milli\kelvin} precision at room temperature. When incorporated into nanodiamonds, the sensing properties deviate by less than 1%1\%1% between nanodiamonds, enabling calibration-free thermometry for sensing and control of complex nanoscale systems. For quantum information tasks, coherent control of the SiV electronic spin qubit is enabled by suppressing phonon-induced dephasing by five orders of magnitude at temperatures below \SI{500}{\milli\kelvin}. By aligning the magnetic field along the silicon-vacancy symmetry axis, optical transitions are highly spin-conserving, allowing for single-shot readout of the qubit with high fidelity. This coherent control is used to demonstrate a spin coherence time T2>T_2 >T2​> \SI{13}{\milli\second} and spin relaxation time T1>T_1 >T1​> \SI{1}{\second} at \SI{100}{\milli\kelvin}. Finally, SiV quantum memories are packaged into a fully integrated quantum network node by incorporating SiV qubits into nanophotonic cavities. The efficient SiV-cavity coupling (with cooperativity C>30C > 30C>30) provides a nearly-deterministic interface between photons and the spin qubit, which enables heralded single-photon storage. Coherent coupling to nearby \cnuc\ nuclear spins (with nearly second-long coherence times) enables multi-qubit registers and paves the way towards large-scale quantum networks.
Chip integration of quantum emitters is a crucial milestone for scalable quantum photonic information processing. Among optically active defect centers for quantum photonics, diamond color centers are promising because of their long spin coherence times and high photon emission rates. However, for a coherent-photon emission, they typically require a cryogenic environment to protect optical coherence from thermal phonons, which makes chip integration challenging. In this paper, we develop a chip-integrated diamond photonic crystal cavity embedding an ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers. We confirm cryogenic operation by observing Purcell enhancement of NV-center emission via an edge-coupled optical fiber. This result demonstrates successful integration of diamond color centers, a photonic crystal cavity, and an optical waveguide-fiber package, representing a key step toward scalable diamond-based quantum communication platforms.
Efficient interfaces of quantum emitters and photons are fundamental to quantum networking. Silicon-vacancy (SiV) centers embedded in diamond nanophotonics are a leading approach due to their excellent optical and spin coherence; however, diamond’s weak nonlinearity and challenging fabrication limit long-term scalability. Here, we realize the first high-cooperativity ( C >1) coupling of individual SiV spin qubits in a scalable, hybrid-integrated gallium phosphide (GaP)-on-diamond nanophotonics platform. We fabricate more than 600 GaP nanophotonic cavities on a diamond substrate with a 99.5% yield. We confirm above-unity cooperativity and measure spin-relaxation times exceeding 0.4 ms at 4 K, which together enable single-shot readout of the SiV electron spin. These results, coupled with GaP’s strong nonlinear properties, establish GaP-on-diamond as a scalable planar platform for quantum networking applications.