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JOURNAL OF SHENZHEN UNIVERSITY SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

The maximum entropy principle for radiation fields

Qiao Gu

Published Jan 1, 2011• 1 citation
OpenAlex

Abstract

The maximum entropy principle discovered by Jaynes E T governs a search of the most reasonable probability assignment of stochastic variable,based on the measured data.One of the simplest applications of this principle lies in that all the thermodynamical relations are derived from the maximizing entropy of the system with energy as a single measured value.The maximum entropy principle is used then for the radiation field as a quantum system.Our results show that with an increase of the number of measurable quantities,the thermal field,the coherent states as well as the squeezed states are automatically introduced in turn;in particular,the dependence of all the properties of these radiation fields on the thermal noise is formulated quantitatively.The fundamental results obtained in this paper are expected to provide a basis for applications of the maximum entropy principle in some fields,such as quantum optics,quantum informatics,biophotonics,and related interdisciplinary science.

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In thermodynamics and statistical mechanics entropy is the fundamental physical quantity to describe the evolution of a statistical ensemble. Its microscopic definition was provided by Boltzmann through the celebrated expression S = kB ln Γ, where kB is the Boltzmann constant and Γ is the number of microstates exploiting the given macroscopic properties. In this context, it is well known that in classical mechanics the entropy: i) allows the violation of the uncertainty principle [1], [2]; ii) can be considered as a special case of the so-called Boltzmann-Gibbs-Shannon entropy that enables one to apply results of information theory to physics [1], [3]. In particular, by introducing the principle of maximum entropy (MEP) it was found possible to derive rigorous hydrodynamic (HD) models based on the moments of the distribution function to all orders of a power expansion and including appropriate closure conditions [4], [5]. Accordingly, making use of the Lagrange multipliers technique, it was found possible to construct the set of evolution equations for the macro-variables of interest. Apart from some partial attempts [3], [6], this is no longer the case in quantum mechanics. Here, the main difficulties concern with: i) the definition of a proper quantum entropy that includes particle indistinguishability; ii) the formulation of a global quantum MEP (QMEP) that allows one to obtain a quantum distribution function both for thermodynamic equilibrium and nonequilibrium configurations. From one hand, in the framework of a nonlocal quantum theory, the generalization of the corresponding Lagrange multipliers is also an open problem. Fron another hand, a rigorous formulation of quantum HD (QHD) closed models is a demanding issue for many kinds of problems in quantum systems like, interacting fermionic and bosonic gases, quantum turbulence, quantum fluids, quantized vortices, nuclear physics, confined carrier transport in semiconductor heterostrucures, phonon and electron transport in nanostructures, nanowires and thin layers. The aim of this talk is to address the above drawbacks by defining a quantum entropy in terms of the reduced density matrix, thus explicitly incorporating quantum statistics into problems involving a system of identical particles. As a further step, with respect to the uncertainty principle, starting from the Wigner representation we formulate a quantum maximum entropy principle which, in the framework of information theory, allows us to obtain a non-local theory for the system under study. As a final step, we determine a closed quantum hydrodynamic model for the macroscopic variables used as constraints in the QMEP approach.

•Jan 1, 2013•0 citations
The maximum entropy principle discovered by Jaynes E T governs a search of the most reasonable probability assignment of stochastic variable,based on the measured data.One of the simplest applications of this principle lies in that all the thermodynamical relations are derived from the maximizing entropy of the system with energy as a single measured value.The maximum entropy principle is used then for the radiation field as a quantum system.Our results show that with an increase of the number of measurable quantities,the thermal field,the coherent states as well as the squeezed states are automatically introduced in turn;in particular,the dependence of all the properties of these radiation fields on the thermal noise is formulated quantitatively.The fundamental results obtained in this paper are expected to provide a basis for applications of the maximum entropy principle in some fields,such as quantum optics,quantum informatics,biophotonics,and related interdisciplinary science.
Based on the elucidation for definition of entropy,we present a general method for calculating entropy of a quantum system in mixed state and apply it to the radiation fields in the typically mixed states.The results demonstrate that the quantum entropy is correlated to the microscopic fluctuation of the radiation fields,and it may therefore describe the quantum coherence properties of the radiation fields.As an example,the evolution of entropy of a dissipative quantum system is investigated then.The results obtained in this paper are expected to provide a basis for applications of entropy method in some fields,such as quantum optics,quantum informatics,biophotonics,and related interdisciplinary science.
Abstract The maximum entropy principle, as applied to quantum systems, is a fundamental prescript positing that for a quantum system for which we only have partial knowledge, the maximum entropy state consistent with the partial knowledge is a valuable choice as the system’s state. An intriguing result is that in case the only prior knowledge is of a fixed energy, the maximum entropy state turns out to be the thermal state, a ubiquitous state in several arenas, especially in statistical mechanics. We extend the consequences of this principle from quantum states to quantum processes. We establish that a quantum channel attains maximal output entropy under a fixed energy constraint if and only if it is an absolutely thermalizing channel, where the fixed output is the thermal state corresponding to that energy. Our results have potential implications for understanding the informational and thermodynamic utility of quantum channels under physical constraints. As an application, we examine the consequences for private randomness distillation from fixed energy constrained quantum processes.
We show that the Jaynes principle is indeed a proper inference scheme when applied to compound systems and will correctly produce the entangled maximum entropy states compatible with appropriate data. This is shown in a particular example considered recently by Horodecki et al. [Phys. Rev. A 59, 1799 (1999)], by including the dispersion of the entanglement along with its mean value as constraints and an application of the uncertainty principle. We also construct a ``thermodynamiclike'' description of the entanglement arising out of the maximum entropy principle.
The problem of constructing models for the statistical dynamics of finite-level quantum mechanical systems is considered. The maximum entropy principle formulated by E.T. Jaynes in 1957 and asserting that the entropy of any physical system increases until it attains its maximum value under constraints imposed by other physical laws is applied. In accordance with this principle, the von Neumann entropy is taken for the objective function; a dynamical equation describing the evolution of the density operator in finite-level systems is derived by using the speed gradient principle. In this case, physical constraints are the mass conservation law and the energy conservation law. The stability of the equilibrium points of the system thus obtained is investigated. By using LaSalle’s theorem, it is shown that the density function tends to a Gibbs distribution, under which the entropy attains its maximum. The method is exemplified by analyzing a finite system of identical particles distributed between cells. Results of numerical simulation are presented.
We propose an approach to the realization of many-body quantum state distributions inspired by combined principles of thermodynamics and mesoscopic physics. Its essence is a maximum entropy principle conditioned by conservation laws. We go beyond traditional thermodynamics and condition on the full distribution of the conserved quantities. The result are quantum state distributions whose deviations from `thermal states' get more pronounced in the limit of wide input distributions. We describe their properties in terms of entanglement measures and discuss strategies for state engineering by methods of current date experimentation.
In thermodynamics and statistical mechanics entropy is the fundamental physical quantity to describe the evolution of a statistical ensemble. Its microscopic definition was provided by Boltzmann through the celebrated expression S = kB ln Γ, where kB is the Boltzmann constant and Γ is the number of microstates exploiting the given macroscopic properties. In this context, it is well known that in classical mechanics the entropy: i) allows the violation of the uncertainty principle [1], [2]; ii) can be considered as a special case of the so-called Boltzmann-Gibbs-Shannon entropy that enables one to apply results of information theory to physics [1], [3]. In particular, by introducing the principle of maximum entropy (MEP) it was found possible to derive rigorous hydrodynamic (HD) models based on the moments of the distribution function to all orders of a power expansion and including appropriate closure conditions [4], [5]. Accordingly, making use of the Lagrange multipliers technique, it was found possible to construct the set of evolution equations for the macro-variables of interest. Apart from some partial attempts [3], [6], this is no longer the case in quantum mechanics. Here, the main difficulties concern with: i) the definition of a proper quantum entropy that includes particle indistinguishability; ii) the formulation of a global quantum MEP (QMEP) that allows one to obtain a quantum distribution function both for thermodynamic equilibrium and nonequilibrium configurations. From one hand, in the framework of a nonlocal quantum theory, the generalization of the corresponding Lagrange multipliers is also an open problem. Fron another hand, a rigorous formulation of quantum HD (QHD) closed models is a demanding issue for many kinds of problems in quantum systems like, interacting fermionic and bosonic gases, quantum turbulence, quantum fluids, quantized vortices, nuclear physics, confined carrier transport in semiconductor heterostrucures, phonon and electron transport in nanostructures, nanowires and thin layers. The aim of this talk is to address the above drawbacks by defining a quantum entropy in terms of the reduced density matrix, thus explicitly incorporating quantum statistics into problems involving a system of identical particles. As a further step, with respect to the uncertainty principle, starting from the Wigner representation we formulate a quantum maximum entropy principle which, in the framework of information theory, allows us to obtain a non-local theory for the system under study. As a final step, we determine a closed quantum hydrodynamic model for the macroscopic variables used as constraints in the QMEP approach.