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Acta Physica Sinica

THE DEPENDENCE OF Cs SATURATED ABSORPTION SPECTRA ON THE INTENSITY OF PUMPING LIGHT

Jian-hua Gan, Xuzong Chen, LI YI-MIN, Wang-xi Ji, Jing-shan Hua, YAO JI-LIANG, Donghai Yang, Yiqiu Wang, 北京大学无线电电子学系

Published Jan 1, 1996• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

The dependence of Cs saturated absorption spectra on the intensity of pumping light, especially that of the spectrum of ６２Ｓ１／２Ｆ＝４→６２Ｐ３／２Ｆ′＝５, was measured and calculated. When the pumping light and probing light were linearly polarized, the relative magnitudes of the resonance signals were calculated by solving a set of rate equations with Runge-Kutta algorithm, taking into consideration the optical pumping process and the saturation in the Zee-man sublevels of the hyperfine structure. The theoretical calculations were in good agreement with the experimental results.

DOI
10.7498/aps.45.1622

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The dependence of Cs saturated absorption spectra on the intensity of pumping light, especially that of the spectrum of ６２Ｓ１／２Ｆ＝４→６２Ｐ３／２Ｆ′＝５, was measured and calculated. When the pumping light and probing light were linearly polarized, the relative magnitudes of the resonance signals were calculated by solving a set of rate equations with Runge-Kutta algorithm, taking into consideration the optical pumping process and the saturation in the Zee-man sublevels of the hyperfine structure. The theoretical calculations were in good agreement with the experimental results.
The relative intensities of the Doppler-free signals of the 85Rb and Cs D2 lines in saturation spectroscopy, velocity-selective optical pumping (VSOP) spectroscopy, and polarization spectroscopy were calculated theoretically, taking into accont the optical pumping process in the Zeeman sublevels and arbitrary polarization combinations for pump and probe beams. Both circular and linear optical anisotropy induced by the pump beam were considered in the theoretical calculation. The magnitude and sign of the Doppler-free resonances in each spectroscopic method were quite different owing to the polarizations of the pump and probe beams. The theoretical results obtained from a single-cycle optical pumping in a four-level approximation were in good agreement with recent experimental reports.
The evolution of the populations of the magnetic sublevels of the cesium atom (133Cs isotope) in resonant laser fields with linear polarization is analyzed using the equations for the density matrix. Analytic expressions are derived for stationary populations resulting from laser-induced optical transitions on the hyperfine structure components F g = 3 ↔ F e = 2, 3 and F f = 4 ↔ F e = 3, 4 of lines D1 (62S1/2 → 62P1/2) and D2 (62S1/2 → 62P3/2) depending on the initial values of the populations. The numerical solution of the evolution equations gives the characteristic times of stabilization of the steady regime as functions of laser field intensities and detuning from optical resonance. We determine the sequences of optical transitions increasing (by more than an order of magnitude) the population of the lower sublevel 62S1/2F g = 3 M = 0 of the “clock” microwave transition F g = 3 M = 0 ↔ F f = 4 M = 0 in the cesium frequency standard, which increases the signal intensity in the recording system by the same proportion.
The relative intensities of the Doppler-free signals of 85Rb and Cs D2 lines in saturation spectroscopy were calculated theoretically, taking into account the optical pumping process in a four-level system. The optical pumping effect in saturation spectroscopy is important when atoms with long-lived lower states are pumped by a weak beam. The theoretical results calculated from a simple analysis without any knowledge of the saturation parameters were found to be in good agreement with the experimental results on Rb and Cs D2 lines previously obtained using semiconductor laser.
We have performed quantitative measurements of the variation of the on-resonance absorption coefficients ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{0}$ of the four hyperfine components of the Cs D1{D}_{1}D1​ transition as a function of laser power PPP, for pumping with linearly and with circularly polarized light. Sublevel populations derived from rate equations assuming isotropic population relaxation (at a rate ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1}$) yield algebraic ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{0}(P)$ dependences that do not reproduce the experimental findings from Cs vapor in a paraffin-coated cell. However, numerical results that consider spin-exchange relaxation (at a rate ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathrm{se}}$) and isotropic relaxation fit the experimental data perfectly well. The fit parameters, viz., the absolute value of ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{0}$, the optical pumping saturation power Psat{P}_{\mathrm{sat}}Psat​, and the ratio ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathrm{se}}/{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1}$, are well described by the experimental conditions and yield absolute values for ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1}$ and ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathrm{se}}$. The latter is consistent with the previously published Cs-Cs spin-exchange relaxation cross section.
A theoretical analysis of the relative intensities of the Doppler-free signals in saturation spectroscopy, velocity selective optical pumping (VSOP) spectroscopy, polarization spectroscopy and a mixing of saturation and polarization spectroscopies is presented using the approximation of a single cycle of optical pumping in a four-level system. An optical pumping process in the Zeeman sublevels is taken into account owing to the important role of spontaneous emission even if the sublevels are degenerate. Arbitrary polarization combinations are considered for pump and probe beams. The similarities and differences between three kinds of spectroscopy are made clear. Both circular and linear optical anisotropies induced by the pump beam are considered in this theoretical calculation. The magnitude and sign of Doppler-free resonances in each spectroscopy are quite different owing to the polarizations of the pump and probe beams. The four-level system is important as a three-level approximation. The results obtained from the four-level optical pumping theory are in good agreement with experimental reports.
The change of saturated absorption spectra of the Cs D2{D}_{2}D2​ line were measured with the pump beam intensity. The line shapes of the resonance signals, especially for the cyclic transition $F=\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{4}{F}^{\ensuremath{'}}=5,$ were very sensitive to the pump beam intensity. We suggested a simple model that phenomenologically describes the change of the line shape of the resonance signal with the pump beam intensity.