This paper is second of several serieses article that the author's new interpretation of the quantum mechanics .On the foundation of article 1(namely[1]),put forward the new quantum point of view,and by it for new interpretation to physical essence of atom's anti-continuity energy level quantum concepts.Index possible existence the physical property that didn't yet be know,it is causation that produce atom's anti-continuity energy level,still existence continuity energy between atom's anti-continuity energy level.Put forwarded new supposes on The electron internal force, the particle internal force, colligate internal force and atom's first cosmic velocity ,and re-counted atom's anti-continuity energy level which have continuity energy,calculation data agree with experiments,thus the calculation the basis of theories is right.And Provided the experiment according for above-mentioned various new theories standpoint.The further theory will discuss in hereafter of several thesises.
This paper is second of several serieses article that the author's new interpretation of the quantum mechanics .On the foundation of article 1(namely[1]),put forward the new quantum point of view,and by it for new interpretation to physical essence of atom's anti-continuity energy level quantum concepts.Index possible existence the physical property that didn't yet be know,it is causation that produce atom's anti-continuity energy level,still existence continuity energy between atom's anti-continuity energy level.Put forwarded new supposes on The electron internal force, the particle internal force, colligate internal force and atom's first cosmic velocity ,and re-counted atom's anti-continuity energy level which have continuity energy,calculation data agree with experiments,thus the calculation the basis of theories is right.And Provided the experiment according for above-mentioned various new theories standpoint.The further theory will discuss in hereafter of several thesises.
This paper re-examines the mechanism of electron motion inside atoms and the causes of photon radiation and photon absorption, abandoning the inherent cognition of fixed electron orbits and quantum transitions in traditional atomic physics. It clarifies that electrons have no physical fixed orbits; orbits are only imaginary concepts constructed for convenience of description, not objective physical realities. With mass, electrons possess inertia and kinetic energy. Under the three-force equilibrium of Coulomb force, electromagnetic force and inertial effect, electrons naturally move in elliptical trajectories rather than regular circles. When an electron moves along an elliptical trajectory, it naturally passes through low-energy regions near the atomic nucleus and high-energy regions far from the nucleus. This change in position arises entirely from its own inertia, involving only the conversion between kinetic energy and potential energy. The electron neither gains nor loses total energy, so it emits no photons and undergoes no energy-level change. An electron loses total energy when emitting a photon outward, and transitions smoothly and continuously to a lower overall motion range under mechanical equilibrium and inertia. Meanwhile, an electron can also absorb external photons and gain energy; its total energy increases, and it similarly expands smoothly to a higher motion range. Photon energy is indivisible and can only be emitted or absorbed as a complete unit. This is the fundamental reason why atoms show discrete emission and absorption spectra. Electron motion is entirely smooth and continuous; instantaneous quantum transitions assumed in traditional physics do not exist. Based on classical mechanics and energy conservation, this paper unifies the laws of macroscopic celestial bodies and microscopic particles, and reconstructs an atomic motion model closer to the essential nature of physics.
Within the modern quantum mechanics system, the principle of superposition, instantaneous energy level transition, and the derived discourse of superposed states from Schrödinger's cat have long been mainstream theories for interpreting phenomena in the microscopic field. From the perspective of the inherent motion properties of real particles and the unified physical law of causality, such theoretical expressions show obvious cognitive deviations and logical shortcomings. Based on the actual motion of electrons outside the hydrogen nucleus, this paper clarifies that the energy change of electrons is only a continuous and steady change of orbital scale, without orbital jumping with no trajectory or process. This paper objectively points out that the establishment of special concepts such as superposition state, to a large extent, avoids the exploration of the core mechanism of microscopic motion, deliberately blurs the essential physical contradictions, so as to stabilize the existing theoretical framework and weaken rational discussions from different academic perspectives. Based on a neutral academic perspective, this paper clarifies theoretical deviations, returns to the original laws of material motion, and promotes the research of microscopic physics to the essence of objective reality.
The theoretical construction of traditional quantum acoustics is based on the core presupposition that "microscopic structures must be described by quantum mechanics". This presupposition has not been directly verified, and its core concept, the "phonon", is defined as a quasi-particle with energy E=hν. This paper systematically reexamines the conceptual foundations of quantum acoustics based on the "Revised Energy Quantum Concept" – i.e., the "measurement discreteness" of energy transfer rather than "physical discreteness". Drawing on the radiation mechanism of an electron's variable-speed motion around the nucleus (which clearly distinguishes the orbital frequency from the radiation frequency), this paper further clarifies that the natural frequency of crystal lattice vibration (the frequency of atomic motion around equilibrium positions) and the energy radiation/absorption frequency are two independent physical quantities. They are connected through the "frequency change quantity". The interaction between high-frequency sound waves and the lattice is essentially a classical continuous dynamics process. "Phonons" are not particles with physical reality but are discrete measurement units for changes in the excitation strength of lattice vibration modes. Starting from first principles and based on the core mechanism of "frequency change triggering energy exchange", this paper rigorously derives the zero-point energy formula, pointing out that zero-point energy essentially characterizes the dynamic ground-state energy scale of a system under the constraint of the minimum energy measurement unit ε. Using Raman scattering as an example, quantitative calculations of energy transfer involving the revised energy quantum εare supplemented, clarifying the physical meaning differences between ε and h. The study shows that all quantum acoustics phenomena can be interpreted and verified more clearly and self-consistently within a classical continuous dynamics framework, providing a theoretically solid and physically intuitive path for the field.
Chapter 4 deals with Quantum Mechanical (QM) phenomena. The first section describes the first attempts at quantization of energy, momentum, angular momentum, etc. We start with Plank's solution to the black-body problem, introducing the concept of photons: discrete packets of electromagnetic energy. We show how Plank's description of black-body radiation is perfectly fit by the cosmic microwave radiation, providing the strongest evidence for the Big-Bang at the origin of the Universe. We then describe Bohr's solution to the paradoxical stability of atoms, introducing quantization of angular momentum (or action) and correctly predicting the energy levels of the hydrogen atom. We show how Einstein used Plank's idea to explain the photo-electric effect (an effect exploited in CCD cameras and solar cells) and how he used Bohr's understanding of energy levels in atoms to provide an intuitive explanation of Plank's law. Einstein insight opened the way to the field of spectroscopy and the development of the laser. In the second section, following the lead of Dirac, we show that QM is equivalent to Linear Algebra in the space of complex functions (which describe the state of the system). We show that Schrödinger's equation is a natural consequence of that description, once the relation between energy and frequency established by Plank (for photons) and de Broglie (for particles) is taken into account. In the context of the chiral ammonia molecule we discuss the queerness of QM which describes physical systems as superposition of states (such as left and right chirality state of a molecule, dead and alive cat). We show that this queerness is nonetheless supported by experiments and is behind much of our technology: masers and lasers, atomic clocks, semiconductors (diodes, transistors, etc.). In the following section we introduce the representation of operators in QM (the equivalent of matrices in linear algebra): momentum, position, energy, etc. which correspond to measurements on the system. We show that the non-commutability of some operators (common with matrix operations) leads to Heisenberg uncertainty principle: the position and momentum of a particle cannot be determined with absolute precision. We discuss the solution of Schrödinger's equation for free particles demonstrating their equivalence with EM phenomena: particles undergo refraction and diffraction, exemplifying the particle/wave duality inherent to QM systems. We discuss QM tunneling and its use in the Scanning Tunneling Microscope. In the following section we study Dirac's equation: the successful attempt by Dirac to unify QM with Einstein's relativity, with the resulting prediction of anti-particles and spin. We then solve for the energy levels of electrons in the hydrogen atom (from Schrödinger's equation) and show that the existence of spin profoundly affects the behavior of electrons in an atom: they cannot share the same energy level, a rule known as Pauli's exclusion principle. Pauli's principle is central to the understanding of the chemical properties of atoms and fully explains Mendeleev's periodic table of the elements. In the next section we discuss along with two exactly soluble systems (diatomic rotational and vibrational levels), various approximations used to study systems (e.g. molecules) for which there are no analytical solutions. In particular, we introduce Pauling's variational approach, Hückel molecular orbital theory and time independent perturbation theory. We apply those approaches to determine the energy levels in alkenes, in multi-electron atoms and in systems under constant electric or magnetic field (such as in Magnetic Resonance Imaging). In the last section we discuss time dependent perturbation theory. We use it to establish the rules allowing for transitions between energy levels and revisit Einstein description of absorption/emission phenomena.
Any scientific system has a unified basic theory. But physics has no unified basic theory in the modern sense. Classical mechanics, relativity and quantum mechanics have their own basic concepts, categories and principles, so none of them can be regarded as true basic theories of physics. Cosmic Continuum Theory holds that the continuity and discreteness of the universe are fundamental issues related to the unification of physics. Because the contradiction between quantum non-locality and local reality is the fundamental obstacle to the unification of physics, while locality and non-locality correspond to the continuity and discreteness of physical reality respectively. The cosmic continuum theory introduces mathematical continuum and axiomatic ideas to reconstruct the basic theory of physics, and by the correspondence of existence and its dimensions to achieve the unification of the essence of physical reality, by introducing the cosmic continuum hypothesis to achieve the unification of the continuity and discreteness of physical reality, by introducing axiomatic methods to achieve formal unification of the foundations on physics. From the perspective of Cosmic Continuum, classical mechanics, relativity and quantum mechanics are no longer the basic theories of physics, but three branch theories of physics that are respectively applicable to macroscopic, cosmoscopic and microcosmic systems.
Aiming at the quantum mechanics wave function description probability feature, statistical interpretation, randomicity, uncertainty, nonlocality and agnosticism etc fundamental principles and concepts, based on the mass-space interaction, mass-space space-time view, microscopic mass-energy systems correlating with space-time model etc principles and theories, and the quantum entanglement particle experiments etc facts, present the matter-ordering-energy conservation laws and the Dong Pei innovating group interpretation of quantum mechanics. Simultaneously indicate: In the universe there exists the ordering- and disordering-energy matter, together known as matter. Existing the absolute space and absolute time. The absolute space-time is continuous. Matter and the absolute space-time together create and compose the objective world. The objective world is a harmonious and unified whole. Physical laws are completely unified. The objective world and matter are all finite. Matter exists, evolves and moves in the absolute space-time. Interactions are the most essential and most root basic attribute of matter. The interaction among matter is the mass-space interaction. The mass-space interaction is continuous and stable, is not random and intermittent. Macroscopic and microscopic regions all observe the identical physical laws. Elementary particles and they compose the microscopic mass-energy systems are all the ordering-energy matter, their mass-energy space-time is a interdependent whole, their feature, state, structure and motion laws are all entirely determined by the mass-space interaction, correspond with the determinism and causality, the motion state and feature, motion orbitals, position and speed of particles in the absolute space-time are all absolutely determined and could be measured exactly, their quantum states could be approximately described by the wave function of quantum mechanics. The wave functions are the simplified mathematical function approximate expression of quantum system states of adopted interaction, can be used to calculate the correlative physical quantities. The wave functions could approximately describe the state of the mass-energy space-time whole of a microscopic mass-energy system with the mass-space interaction acting and continuously moving. An eigenstate just is the state making the system energy minimum and in rather stable existence. Scientific theories are the abstract simplified approximate expression for the essential of natural phenomena. Physical theory is the abstract simplified approximate representation for the matter structure and its motion laws. Whereas the mathematical formulation then is the further simplified approximate representation for physical contents. All of theories, include quantum mechanics and relativity, only when the assumed approximate condition is satisfied, just are the applied correct scientific theory, could describe the objective world good enough but not exactly. Develop scientific theory, correctly cognize and reasonably interpret the objective world, without the end.