Quantum relativistic probability description of continuous world is re-examined. The new conception of physical world is offered. It is based on deterministic description of elementary particles, on conception The standard probability quantum relativistic picture of world is reviewed. The new picture of world is proposed. It is based on deterministic approach to elementary particles, discrete model of space determined by segmentation of particles and their fields and also by introduction of 9 Lorentz groups of transformations between systems of reference. It is supposed that elementary particles are segmented in space and change their form dependent on phase and structural state of substance. This approach allow to use linear differential second order equations to describe interactions. Maxwell equations are the partial case of them. This approach allow to eliminate basic paradoxes of quantum field theory and quantum mechanics and gives a new interpretation of well known experiments. To confirm the theory proposed basic parameters of macroquantum effects in condensed medium including cosmic objects are calculated. Particularly, parameters of high temperature superconductors being stable till temperature 93,5 Centdegree are calculated. It is supposed that electrons in atomic hydrogen at 6000 Centdegree at the Sun can occur in superconducting state.
Quantum relativistic probability description of continuous world is re-examined. The new conception of physical world is offered. It is based on deterministic description of elementary particles, on conception The standard probability quantum relativistic picture of world is reviewed. The new picture of world is proposed. It is based on deterministic approach to elementary particles, discrete model of space determined by segmentation of particles and their fields and also by introduction of 9 Lorentz groups of transformations between systems of reference. It is supposed that elementary particles are segmented in space and change their form dependent on phase and structural state of substance. This approach allow to use linear differential second order equations to describe interactions. Maxwell equations are the partial case of them. This approach allow to eliminate basic paradoxes of quantum field theory and quantum mechanics and gives a new interpretation of well known experiments. To confirm the theory proposed basic parameters of macroquantum effects in condensed medium including cosmic objects are calculated. Particularly, parameters of high temperature superconductors being stable till temperature 93,5 Centdegree are calculated. It is supposed that electrons in atomic hydrogen at 6000 Centdegree at the Sun can occur in superconducting state.
Abstract Fundamental concepts about the structure of matter have been analyzed based on cause-and-effect relations leading to the postulates of quantum mechanics. The interpretation of the characteristics of a vacuum as properties of a universal carrier medium in terms of fluid mechanics has made it possible to select consistent models of the basic objects of condensed matter. The development of concepts of the structure of the photon and electron has been supplemented by descriptions of the processes of their production and transformation. The nature of electric charges and the picture of their interaction through volumetric interference fields have been discussed. The details of the structure of the atom, the sizes of electron orbits, and the internal characteristics of some elementary particles have been clarified. The physical nature of the quantization of matter at different dimensional and energy levels has been determined. The proposed solutions to problems of a quantum can be useful for the range of physicists dealing with problems that are fundamentally unsolvable in traditional terms.
An interpretation and re-formulation of modern physics which removes the presumption of the space-time continuum, and bases physical theory on a small number of rational and empirical principles. After briefly describing the philosophical principles underlying the theory, we rigorously construct a discrete model of quantum mechanics. Kets are names, or labels which categorise states of matter but do not directly describe them. The principle of superposition is seen as a definitional truism in the categorisation of states. This resolves the measurement problem of quantum mechanics by attributing the collapse of the wave function to information. The probability interpretation has a natural meaning in which the configuration of interacting particles plays the role of a hidden variable. The model supports a form of relativistic quantum field theory which does not depend on quantisation or second quantisation from classical mechanics. Continuous laws of wave mechanics are found in a discrete metaphysic which does not involve waves. Classical law is the expected behaviour of many elementary particles. The constraints on the theory are sufficient to establish that particles are point-like entities with specific properties found in nature. Newton's first law and conservation of momentum are established from the principle of homogeneity. Maxwell's equations are derived from the simple interaction in which a Dirac particle emits or absorbs a photon. Feynman rules are calculated for the discrete theory and differ from the standard rules by the removal of the ultraviolet divergence and the use of proper loop integrals. They give finite and unambiguous results.
Aiming at the quantum mechanics wave function description probability feature, statistical interpretation, randomicity, uncertainty, nonlocality and agnosticism etc fundamental principles and concepts, based on the mass-space interaction, mass-space space-time view, microscopic mass-energy systems correlating with space-time model etc principles and theories, and the quantum entanglement particle experiments etc facts, present the matter-ordering-energy conservation laws and the Dong Pei innovating group interpretation of quantum mechanics. Simultaneously indicate: In the universe there exists the ordering- and disordering-energy matter, together known as matter. Existing the absolute space and absolute time. The absolute space-time is continuous. Matter and the absolute space-time together create and compose the objective world. The objective world is a harmonious and unified whole. Physical laws are completely unified. The objective world and matter are all finite. Matter exists, evolves and moves in the absolute space-time. Interactions are the most essential and most root basic attribute of matter. The interaction among matter is the mass-space interaction. The mass-space interaction is continuous and stable, is not random and intermittent. Macroscopic and microscopic regions all observe the identical physical laws. Elementary particles and they compose the microscopic mass-energy systems are all the ordering-energy matter, their mass-energy space-time is a interdependent whole, their feature, state, structure and motion laws are all entirely determined by the mass-space interaction, correspond with the determinism and causality, the motion state and feature, motion orbitals, position and speed of particles in the absolute space-time are all absolutely determined and could be measured exactly, their quantum states could be approximately described by the wave function of quantum mechanics. The wave functions are the simplified mathematical function approximate expression of quantum system states of adopted interaction, can be used to calculate the correlative physical quantities. The wave functions could approximately describe the state of the mass-energy space-time whole of a microscopic mass-energy system with the mass-space interaction acting and continuously moving. An eigenstate just is the state making the system energy minimum and in rather stable existence. Scientific theories are the abstract simplified approximate expression for the essential of natural phenomena. Physical theory is the abstract simplified approximate representation for the matter structure and its motion laws. Whereas the mathematical formulation then is the further simplified approximate representation for physical contents. All of theories, include quantum mechanics and relativity, only when the assumed approximate condition is satisfied, just are the applied correct scientific theory, could describe the objective world good enough but not exactly. Develop scientific theory, correctly cognize and reasonably interpret the objective world, without the end.
This graduate text introduces relativistic quantum theory, emphasising its important applications in condensed matter physics. Basic theory, including special relativity, angular momentum and particles of spin zero are first reprised. The text then goes on to discuss the Dirac equation, symmetries and operators, and free particles. Physical consequences of solutions including hole theory and Klein's paradox are considered. Several model problems are solved. Important applications of quantum theory to condensed matter physics then follow. Relevant theory for the one electron atom is explored. The theory is then developed to describe the quantum mechanics of many electron systems, including Hartree-Fock and density functional methods. Scattering theory, band structures, magneto-optical effects and superconductivity are among other significant topics discussed. Many exercises and an extensive reference list are included. This clear account of relativistic quantum theory will be valuable to graduate students and researchers working in condensed matter physics and quantum physics.
Until the introduction of Special Relativity by Hendrik Antoon Lorentz, Herman Minkovski and Albert Einstein in 1905 and General Relativity by Albert Einstein in 1916, Physics has been 3-Dimensional. After this period, Physics became in generally 4-Dimensional with the time as the fourth dimension. For that reason it is remarkable that till now quantum physics has been described by 3-dimensional equations like the Schrodinger wave equation and the relativistic Dirac equation. In this article the 4-Dimensional Relativistic Quantum Mechanical Dirac Equation expressed in the vector probability functions and the complex conjugated vector probability function will be published. To realize this, the classical boundaries of physics has to be changed. It is necessary to go back in time 300 years ago. More than 200 years ago before the Dirac Equation had been published. A Return to the Inception of Physics. The time of Isaac Newton who published in 1687 in the “Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica” a Universal Fundamental Principle in Physics which was in Harmony with Science and Religion. The Universal Path, the Leitmotiv, the Universal Concept in Physics. Newton found the concept of “Universal Equilibrium” which he formulated in his famous third equation Action = - Reaction. This article presents a New Kind of Physics based on this Universal Fundamental Concept in Physics which results in a New Approach in Quantum Physics and General Relativity. The physical concept of quantum mechanical probability waves has been created during the famous 1927 5th Solvay Conference. During that period there were several circumstances which came together and made it possible to create an unique idea of material waves being complex (partly real and partly imaginary) and describing the probability of the appearance of a physical object (elementary particle). The idea of complex probability waves was new in the beginning of the 20th century. Since then the New Concept has been protected carefully within the Copenhagen Interpretation. When Schrodinger published his famous material wave equation in 1926, he found spherical and elliptical solutions for the presence of the electron within the atom. The first idea of the material waves in Schrodinger’s wave equation was the concept of confined Electromagnetic Waves. But according to Maxwell this was impossible. According to Maxwell’s equations Electromagnetic Waves can only propagate along straight lines and it is impossible that Light (Electromagnetic Waves) could confine with the surface of a sphere or an ellipse. For that reason these material waves in Schrodinger’s wave equation could only be of a different origin than Electromagnetic Waves. Niels Bohr introduced the concept of “Probability Waves” as the origin of the material waves in Schrodinger’s wave equation. And defined the New Concept that the electron was still a particle but the physical presence of the electron in the Atom was equally divided by a spherical probability function. In the New Theory it will be demonstrated that because of a mistake in the Maxwell Equations, in 1927 Confined Electromagnetic waves could not be considered to be the material waves expressed in Schrodinger's wave equation. The New Theory presents a new equation describing electromagnetic field configurations which are also solutions of the Schrodinger's wave equation and the relativistic quantum mechanical Dirac Equation and carry mass, electric charge and magnetic spin at discrete values. Key words : General Relativity; Quantum Physics; Dirac Equation; Gravitational-Electromagnetic Interaction; Black Holes; Gravitational-Electromagnetic Confinement; Electromagnetism; Quantum Optics
This graduate text introduces relativistic quantum theory, emphasising its important applications in condensed matter physics. Basic theory, including special relativity, angular momentum and particles of spin zero are first reprised. The text then goes on to discuss the Dirac equation, symmetries and operators, and free particles. Physical consequences of solutions including hole theory and Klein's paradox are considered. Several model problems are solved. Important applications of quantum theory to condensed matter physics then follow. Relevant theory for the one electron atom is explored. The theory is then developed to describe the quantum mechanics of many electron systems, including Hartree-Fock and density functional methods. Scattering theory, band structures, magneto-optical effects and superconductivity are among other significant topics discussed. Many exercises and an extensive reference list are included. This clear account of relativistic quantum theory will be valuable to graduate students and researchers working in condensed matter physics and quantum physics.