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Communications technology

Quantum Cryptography and its Applications

HE Xiang-chu

Published Jan 1, 2009• 2 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

This paper first gives a brief introduction of quantum cryptography and several principal quantum effects involved by quantum key; then it describes in detail the development history of quantum cryptography at home, gives some topics in the research of quantum cryptography, including quantum key distribution, quantum signature, quantum identity authentication, quantum encryption, quantum secret-sharing, and their brief descriptions, and analyzes in depth some hindering factors in practical quantum cryptography; finally, the development of quantum cryptography is forecasted.

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This paper first gives a brief introduction of quantum cryptography and several principal quantum effects involved by quantum key; then it describes in detail the development history of quantum cryptography at home, gives some topics in the research of quantum cryptography, including quantum key distribution, quantum signature, quantum identity authentication, quantum encryption, quantum secret-sharing, and their brief descriptions, and analyzes in depth some hindering factors in practical quantum cryptography; finally, the development of quantum cryptography is forecasted.
The development history of quantum secure communication is reviewed from the aspects of theory research,experiment progress and technology development;The quantum communication process is expoud-ed;The related technologies to the quantum secure communication are introduced: quantum key,quantum au-thentication,quantum signatures,quantum encryption algorithm,quantum secret sharing;The several im-pedeing factors of the practical use of quantum secure communication are also analyzed,finally the develop-ment of quantum secure communication is prospected.
The security of classical cryptography based on computational complexity assumptions has been severely challenged with the rapid development of quantum computers and quantum algorithms. Quantum cryptography, which offers unconditional security based on some principles of quantum mechanics, has become a significant branch and hotspot in the field of modern cryptography research. In this paper, we review the research and development of several important and well-studied branches of quantum cryptography in terms of theory and experiment, including quantum key distribution, quantum secret sharing, quantum secure direct communication, quantum signature, and quantum private query. We also briefly review the research and development of some other branches which are currently in the stage of theoretical research but receive widespread concern from academia, including quantum private comparison, quantum anonymous voting, quantum secure multi-party summation, quantum sealed-bid auction, quantum public key cryptosystem, quantum key agreement, quantum dialogue, and quantum identity authentication. In addition, we discuss some open issues and future research directions for the branches referred to above.
Quantum Cryptography offers a secure method of sharing sequences of random numbers to be used as cryptographic keys. It can potentially eliminate many of the weaknesses of classical cryptographic methods. In this paper, we survey some results in quantum cryptography. After a brief introduction to classical cryptography, some fundamental quantum key distribution protocols are reviewed. The issue of security both from theoretical as well as real life point of view is also addressed. Finally we point out some noteworthy recent advances and some important remaining challenges.
Quantum cryptography is a new paradigm of cryptographic information protection, utilizing the laws of quantum mechanics and the corresponding quantum properties of information carriers — photons to overcome the limitations of classical cryptographic protocols and increase the security of cryptographic protocols up to the information-theoretic level. The paper provides a general overview and analysis of modern quantum information security technologies, particularly protocols for quantum key distribution, quantum secure direct communication, and quantum secret sharing. Several other areas of quantum cryptography are briefly considered, such as quantum digital signature, quantum bit commitment, quantum steganography, etc. The advantages and disadvantages of quantum cryptographic protocols, as well as the prospects and challenges of their practical implementation, are analyzed. A brief overview of the laws of quantum physics underlying the security of quantum cryptographic protocols is also provided. Keywords: quantum cryptography, physical foundations of quantum cryptography, qubit, qudit, entangled qubits and qudits, quantum key distribution, quantum secure direct communication, quantum secret sharing.
Quantum computing has the capability of parallel computing and is superior to classical computing in solving some specific problems. Once a large-scale quantum computer is developed, the security of classical cryptographic algorithms and protocols, which is based on the assumption of computational complexity, will be severely challenged. Quantum cryptography is a new cryptosystem; its security is based on the principles of quantum mechanics, and can resist the attack of quantum computing. This paper focuses on the nearly 40 years development of quantum cryptographic protocols, including quantum key distribution (QKD), quantum secure direct communication, quantum secret sharing, quantum identity authentication, two-party secure computation, and quantum private query, and summarizes the problems in the process of development. The analysis shows that the quantum cryptographic protocols are in an unbalanced state: QKD is far ahead of other protocols and other protocols are difficult to achieve breakthroughs. In the future, practical quantum protocols for digital signature and two-party secure computation are core issues that needs to be addressed urgently. Therefore, research on quantum and post-quantum cryptography should be conducted synchronously, cross-over study and talent cultivation for the quantum science and cryptography disciplines should be strengthened, and the examination and evaluation mechanism of relevant basic research needs to be optimized.