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中国激光(英文版)

High-resolution Reflection Spectroscopy ofCs D_2 Line Studied byHigh-order-harmonic Detection

Jia Suo-Tang

Published Jan 1, 2002• 0 citations
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Abstract

In this paper, by numerical analysis the relationship of the modulation broaden index with modulation index using high-order-harmonic detection is investigated. Using the voltage modulation the 2f,4f and 6f harmonic signals about the reflection spectroscopy of 6S1/2(F = 4) →6P3/2 transition of the cesium D2 line are also be measured. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions. It is found that narrower line-width can be achieved by higher-harmonic detection than the line-width detected by direct absorption when the modulation index is smaller than 1.81, 2.98 and 4.14 for 2f, 4f, and 6f signals, respectively.

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Measurement of Modulation Index with High-order-harmonic Detection

Yin Wang

The modulation indexes have been measured by the harmonics intensity ratios (4f max /6f max ).By use of the numerical analysis,we get the relationship of the modulation index and high harmonics (4f,6f) detection.We also get 4f and 6f harmonic signals about the 6S 1/2 (F=4)→6P 3/2 transition of the cesium D 2 line using the voltage modulation.The experimental results are fairly agreement with theoretical analysis.This method is efficient for the measurements of the modulation depth and line width.

Journal of Optoelectronics·laser•Jan 1, 2002•0 citations

Measurement of the wavelength modulation indices with selective reflection spectroscopy

Liantuan Xiao, Jianming Zhao, Wangbao Yin +4 more

The wavelength modulation indices are measured based on harmonic amplitude ratio of 4f_(amp)/6f_(amp) (4f_(amp) and 6f_(amp) are the 4- and 6-th harmonic central peak amplitudes correspondingly) with the Doppler-free selective reflection modulation spectroscopy. The experiments for the 6S_(1/2)(F = 4) ? 6P_(3/2)(F' = 5) transition of cesium D_(2) line with 30-MHz linewidth were carried out. The 4f- and 6f-harmonic signals were detected with two digital lock-in amplifiers separately. The maximum error for modulation indices measurement was ±0.1 within the range of m from 3 to 6. The non-linear modulation behaviour of an external cavity diode laser induced by voltage tuning was studied with this method. The method for modulation indices measurement does not require a solid etalon as usual for measuring the wavelength modulation depth and the absorption linewidth correspondingly.

Chinese Optics Letters•Jan 1, 2003•2 citations

Investigation of the two-color polarization spectroscopy between the excited states based on cesium atoms

Jinfang Zhang, Ya-Na Ren, Junmin Wang +1 more

Two-color polarization spectroscopy (TCPS) of cesium 6S1/2-6P3/2-8S1/2 (852.3 nm + 794.6 nm) ladder-type system in a room-temperature vapor cell are investigated. The frequency of 852.3 nm laser used as a pump beam is locked on one of the hyperfine transitions between the ground state 6S1/2 and excited state 6P3/2 by the saturated absorption spectroscopy technique, which can populate some atoms on the 6P3/2 excited state and induce anisotropy in the atomic medium. The frequency of 794.6 nm laser serving as a probe beam is scanned across the whole 6P3/2→8S1/2 transition to ascertain this anisotropy, and thus the TCPS is obtained. In experiment, we measure and analyse the influence of frequency detuning of 852.3 nm pump laser on TCPS, and especially reveal that some of hyperfine energy levels of intermediate excited state 6P3/2, which has no direct interaction with the 852.3 nm pump laser, are also populated by a small fraction of atoms with a specific speed in the direction of pump laser beam due to Doppler effect, so they also have contribution to the TCPS when the 794.6 nm probe laser is scanned to the resonance transition line between the 6P3/2 and 8S1/2 states after the Doppler frequency shift has been considered. In addition, we prove that the atomic coherence like electromagnetically induced transparency effect obviously results in a narrower line width of TCPS in the case of counter-propagating experimental configuration than that in the case of pump beam co-propagating with the probe beam in the Cs vapor cell. Finally, we apply the TCPS with dispersive shaped feature to frequency stabilization with no modulation, and the frequency fluctuations of 794.6 nm laser are ～0.5 MHz and ～9.2 MHz for the frequency-locking and free running in ～225 s, respectively. The above research work is expected to play a role in precisely measuring the atomic energy level structure and its related hyperfine structure constant (magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole coupling constants), and also in stabilizing the laser frequency to the excited state transition especially for the optical fiber communication, two-color laser cooling/trapping neutral atoms, optical filter, etc.

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We present a detailed analysis of an application of frequency modulation (FM) spectroscopy in the high modulation depth limit. We have recently completed and reported a measurement of the Stark shift in the indium $5p_{1/2}\rightarrow 6s_{1/2}$ 410 nm transition using this spectroscopy method [Ranjit, et al. Phys. Rev. A 87, 032506 (2013)]. FM spectroscopy proved essential to resolve spectroscopic features in an atomic beam where the optical depth was $\sim 10^{-3}$. A dual-modulation scheme is described which ensures truly background-free FM signals even in the low-density limit. Lock-in detection of the FM signal was accomplished using both the fundamental (1f) and second-harmonic (2f) modulation frequencies. A derivation of both the 1f and 2f signal line shapes in the high-modulation-depth limit is presented. These line shapes form the basis for quantitative fits to a wide variety of experimental FM spectra.

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The line shape of the saturated absorption spectra of the 133Cs D2 line was examined. In particular, the resonance signal for the transition from 6S1/2, F=4 to 6P3/2, F ′=5 was carefully examined and found to be very sensitive to the saturating beam intensity and magnetic field, which was due to the population redistribution of the ground hyperfiue level. When the polarizations of the saturating and probing beams were linear and their directions were parallel, even the chage of sign was observed. The magnitude and linewidth of the signal were controlled by adjusting the saturating beam intensity and the magnetic field as well as the laser polarization.

Japanese Journal of Applied Physics•Nov 1, 1994•3 citations

Doppler-free selective reflection spectroscopy of the 6 s 2 S 1 / 2 → 7 p 2 P 3 / 2 transition of Caesium using an optical nanocell

Armen D. Sargsyan, Rodolphe Momier, David G. Sarkisyan

Abstract Selective reflection (SR) spectroscopy of the 6 s 2 S 1 / 2 → 7 p 2 P 3 / 2 electric dipole transition of Caesium ( λ = 456 nm) is performed for the first time using a nanometric-thin cell (L = 50–1500 nm, T = 200 ∘ C). We successfully form narrow resonances corresponding to the F g = 3 , 4 → F e = 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 hyperfine transitions. All transitions are well spectrally resolved, and the geometry of the cell allows us to obtain a strong 30 times narrowing of the Doppler width with a single beam pass. For lower thicknesses ( L < 400 nm), we observe a red shift of the SR lines, which we attribute to atom-surface interactions, and provide estimates of the C 3 interaction coefficient. The oscillator strengths of the 6 s 2 S 1 / 2 → 7 p 2 P 3 / 2 hyperfine transitions are about two orders of magnitude smaller than that of the Cs D 2 line at 852 nm. Our experimental measurements are in good agreement with theoretical calculations. We emphasize the advantage of nanocell spectroscopy compared to the well-known saturated absorption method and present possible applications.

Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics•Sep 23, 2025•3 citations
In this paper, by numerical analysis the relationship of the modulation broaden index with modulation index using high-order-harmonic detection is investigated. Using the voltage modulation the 2f,4f and 6f harmonic signals about the reflection spectroscopy of 6S1/2(F = 4) →6P3/2 transition of the cesium D2 line are also be measured. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions. It is found that narrower line-width can be achieved by higher-harmonic detection than the line-width detected by direct absorption when the modulation index is smaller than 1.81, 2.98 and 4.14 for 2f, 4f, and 6f signals, respectively.
The modulation indexes have been measured by the harmonics intensity ratios (4f max /6f max ).By use of the numerical analysis,we get the relationship of the modulation index and high harmonics (4f,6f) detection.We also get 4f and 6f harmonic signals about the 6S 1/2 (F=4)→6P 3/2 transition of the cesium D 2 line using the voltage modulation.The experimental results are fairly agreement with theoretical analysis.This method is efficient for the measurements of the modulation depth and line width.
The wavelength modulation indices are measured based on harmonic amplitude ratio of 4f_(amp)/6f_(amp) (4f_(amp) and 6f_(amp) are the 4- and 6-th harmonic central peak amplitudes correspondingly) with the Doppler-free selective reflection modulation spectroscopy. The experiments for the 6S_(1/2)(F = 4) ? 6P_(3/2)(F' = 5) transition of cesium D_(2) line with 30-MHz linewidth were carried out. The 4f- and 6f-harmonic signals were detected with two digital lock-in amplifiers separately. The maximum error for modulation indices measurement was ±0.1 within the range of m from 3 to 6. The non-linear modulation behaviour of an external cavity diode laser induced by voltage tuning was studied with this method. The method for modulation indices measurement does not require a solid etalon as usual for measuring the wavelength modulation depth and the absorption linewidth correspondingly.
Two-color polarization spectroscopy (TCPS) of cesium 6S1/2-6P3/2-8S1/2 (852.3 nm + 794.6 nm) ladder-type system in a room-temperature vapor cell are investigated. The frequency of 852.3 nm laser used as a pump beam is locked on one of the hyperfine transitions between the ground state 6S1/2 and excited state 6P3/2 by the saturated absorption spectroscopy technique, which can populate some atoms on the 6P3/2 excited state and induce anisotropy in the atomic medium. The frequency of 794.6 nm laser serving as a probe beam is scanned across the whole 6P3/2→8S1/2 transition to ascertain this anisotropy, and thus the TCPS is obtained. In experiment, we measure and analyse the influence of frequency detuning of 852.3 nm pump laser on TCPS, and especially reveal that some of hyperfine energy levels of intermediate excited state 6P3/2, which has no direct interaction with the 852.3 nm pump laser, are also populated by a small fraction of atoms with a specific speed in the direction of pump laser beam due to Doppler effect, so they also have contribution to the TCPS when the 794.6 nm probe laser is scanned to the resonance transition line between the 6P3/2 and 8S1/2 states after the Doppler frequency shift has been considered. In addition, we prove that the atomic coherence like electromagnetically induced transparency effect obviously results in a narrower line width of TCPS in the case of counter-propagating experimental configuration than that in the case of pump beam co-propagating with the probe beam in the Cs vapor cell. Finally, we apply the TCPS with dispersive shaped feature to frequency stabilization with no modulation, and the frequency fluctuations of 794.6 nm laser are ～0.5 MHz and ～9.2 MHz for the frequency-locking and free running in ～225 s, respectively. The above research work is expected to play a role in precisely measuring the atomic energy level structure and its related hyperfine structure constant (magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole coupling constants), and also in stabilizing the laser frequency to the excited state transition especially for the optical fiber communication, two-color laser cooling/trapping neutral atoms, optical filter, etc.
We present a detailed analysis of an application of frequency modulation (FM) spectroscopy in the high modulation depth limit. We have recently completed and reported a measurement of the Stark shift in the indium 5p1/2→6s1/25p_{1/2}\rightarrow 6s_{1/2}5p1/2​→6s1/2​ 410 nm transition using this spectroscopy method [Ranjit, et al. Phys. Rev. A 87, 032506 (2013)]. FM spectroscopy proved essential to resolve spectroscopic features in an atomic beam where the optical depth was ∼10−3\sim 10^{-3}∼10−3. A dual-modulation scheme is described which ensures truly background-free FM signals even in the low-density limit. Lock-in detection of the FM signal was accomplished using both the fundamental (1f) and second-harmonic (2f) modulation frequencies. A derivation of both the 1f and 2f signal line shapes in the high-modulation-depth limit is presented. These line shapes form the basis for quantitative fits to a wide variety of experimental FM spectra.
The line shape of the saturated absorption spectra of the 133Cs D2 line was examined. In particular, the resonance signal for the transition from 6S1/2, F=4 to 6P3/2, F ′=5 was carefully examined and found to be very sensitive to the saturating beam intensity and magnetic field, which was due to the population redistribution of the ground hyperfiue level. When the polarizations of the saturating and probing beams were linear and their directions were parallel, even the chage of sign was observed. The magnitude and linewidth of the signal were controlled by adjusting the saturating beam intensity and the magnetic field as well as the laser polarization.
Abstract Selective reflection (SR) spectroscopy of the 6 s 2 S 1 / 2 → 7 p 2 P 3 / 2 electric dipole transition of Caesium ( λ = 456 nm) is performed for the first time using a nanometric-thin cell (L = 50–1500 nm, T = 200 ∘ C). We successfully form narrow resonances corresponding to the F g = 3 , 4 → F e = 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 hyperfine transitions. All transitions are well spectrally resolved, and the geometry of the cell allows us to obtain a strong 30 times narrowing of the Doppler width with a single beam pass. For lower thicknesses ( L < 400 nm), we observe a red shift of the SR lines, which we attribute to atom-surface interactions, and provide estimates of the C 3 interaction coefficient. The oscillator strengths of the 6 s 2 S 1 / 2 → 7 p 2 P 3 / 2 hyperfine transitions are about two orders of magnitude smaller than that of the Cs D 2 line at 852 nm. Our experimental measurements are in good agreement with theoretical calculations. We emphasize the advantage of nanocell spectroscopy compared to the well-known saturated absorption method and present possible applications.