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Acta Physica Sinica

Simulation of sodium atom deposition pattern in a laser standing wave field

Bin Ma, Ma Yan, Zhao Min, Ma Shan-Shan, Zhanshan Wang, 同济大学精密光学工程技术研究所，上海 200092

Published Jan 1, 2006• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A grating structure with the period of half of the laser wavelength is formed by focusing the atoms with a nearly resonant laser standing wave field. The motion of sodium atoms traversing an unsaturated potential are studied by the semi_classical approximation. The structures of gratings under various conditions were simulated using numerical method. By characterizing the grating with FWHM and contrast, the influence of some factors, such as the transverse temperature, the longitudinal velocity, and the free flight to the atom deposition are analysed. Our work provides a theoretical basis to the ongoing atom lithography experiment.

DOI
10.7498/aps.55.667

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A grating structure with the period of half of the laser wavelength is formed by focusing the atoms with a nearly resonant laser standing wave field. The motion of sodium atoms traversing an unsaturated potential are studied by the semi_classical approximation. The structures of gratings under various conditions were simulated using numerical method. By characterizing the grating with FWHM and contrast, the influence of some factors, such as the transverse temperature, the longitudinal velocity, and the free flight to the atom deposition are analysed. Our work provides a theoretical basis to the ongoing atom lithography experiment.
Direct write atom lithography is a new technique in which resonant light is used to pattern an atomic beam and the nanostructures are formed when the atoms deposit on the substrate. The motion of sodium atoms in standing wave filed is discussed. Based on the semi-classical model, this paper analyses the motion equation of sodium atom in the laser standing wave field, and then gets the trajectory of the atoms in the standing wave field by analytical simulation for different longitudinal and transverse velocities. The simulative results show that the FWHM width of stripes was 2.78 nm and the contrast was 38.5 ∶1 for the optimal longitudinal velocity, while that of the stripes was 29.1 nm and the contrast was 15 ∶1 for non-optimal longitudinal velocities. At the same time, the results show that the FWHM width of stripes was 4.2 nm and the contrast was 20 ∶1 when the divergence of atomic beam was 0.15 mrad. Whereas, the stripes presented Multi-peaked configuration and the quality deteriorated with the divergence of atomic beam increased to 1.5 mrad.
A grating structure with period of half of the laser wavelength generated by focusing Cr atoms with nearly resonant laser standing wave atom lens was simulated using a quantum-mechanical model. The influence of thermal atomic source on atom focusing, including the statistical distribution of the longitudinal velocity and the beam divergence, was discussed. The background and full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of atomic density peaks with vz in Maxwell distribution and vx0 in Gaussian distribution increase significantly compared with ideal atoms. Collimating atoms with laser cooling is necessary to decrease the peak broadening.
The effect of a Gaussian laser standing wave on 23Na atoms was simulated by CRANK-NICOLSON numerical algorithm based on quantum-mechanical method.It was found that atoms focus on wave nodes in standing wave light field with a period of λ/2 when the laser is positive-detuned.The focusing results are in accord with thin lens regime,thick lens regime and channeling regime,respectively,as the optical potential is deepened or the longitudinal velocity of atoms is increased.In thick lens regime,the focal plane shifts backward and the full width at half maximum(FWHM)increases,along the z direction,as the atomic longitudinal velocity increases.With increasing laser power or decreasing beam waist,the FWHM of atomic density peak at the focal plane decreases,both the peak value and the contrast increase.
A grating structure with period of half of the laser wavelength generated by focusing Cr atoms with nearly resonant laser standing wave atom lens was simulated using a quantum-mechanical model.The influence of thermal atomic source on atom focusing,including the statistical distribution of the longitudinal veloc- ity and the beam divergence,was discussed.The background and full-width at half-maximum （FWHM） of atomic density peaks with vz in Maxwell distribution and vx0 in Gaussian distribution increase sig- nificantly compared with ideal atoms.Collimating atoms with laser cooling is necessary to decrease the peak broadening.更多还原
The experimental researches on atom lithography got a rapid development these years and have made a series of significant progress.The research of the processes of atomic deposition using different atoms in various conditions has an important significance.The finite-differences approximation is used to solve a Schrodinger equation describing the atom-laser field interactions.The effect of laser power,detuning,waist radius and longitudinal velocity of atoms to focusing are analyzed.The effects by some parameter to the atoms in a laser standing wave field are got.
Gating structure of one dimensional Cr layer is experimentally obtained through the technology of laser focused atomic deposition. The periodicity of grating is （212.8±0.2） nm measured by atomic force microscope, which is just equal to half of the wavelength of laser standing-wave field. Then, based on the semiclassical model and numerical calculation of the Adams-Bashforth-Moulton algorithm, both Cr atom motion trajectories are simulated and the atom-optical properties are analyzed at the same experimental conditions. The results show that the analytical results agree well with the experimental results.