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ACTA PHOTONICA SINICA

Controlled Bidirectional Quantum Secure Direct Communication without Information Leakage Based on Bell States and Bell Measurements

YE Tian-y

Published Jan 1, 2014• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

A controlled bidirectional quantum secure direct communication protocol without information leakage was proposed.In the proposed protocol,two authenticated communication parties,Alice and Bob,were able to securely exchange their secret messages simultaneously under the control of the controller,Charlie.The problem of information leakage was overcome by making full use of the measurement correlation property after entanglement swapping among three Bell states.Moreover,the proposed protocol merely took the Bell state as quantum resource and merely needed the Bell measurement so that it was convenient to implement.Security analysis shows that the proposed protocol can detect not only the active attacks from the outside eavesdropper,but also the dishonest behavior from the controller,Charlie.It can be concluded that the proposed protocol has good security.

Related papers

Information Leakage Prevention in Quantum Dialogue Using the Measurement Correlation after Entanglement Swapping and Decreasing the Transmission Efficiency

YE Tian-y

In order to solve the security threat of information leakage in quantum dialogue protocols,a controlled quantum dialogue protocol without information leakage was proposed,where the controller Alice controlled the bidirectional communication between two communication parties,Bob and Charlie.The problem of information leakage was avoided by making full use of the measurement correlation property after entanglement swapping between two maximally entangled GHZ states and decreasing the transmission efficiency.Moreover,the Bell-basis measurement rather than the GHZ-basis measurement was needed.Security analysis shows that the active attacks from an outside eavesdropper can be detected,such as the intercept-resend attack,the measurement-resend attack and the entanglement-and-measurement attack.

ACTA PHOTONICA SINICA•Jan 1, 2013•2 citations

Improvement of Controlled Bidirectional Quantum Direct Communication Using a GHZ State

Tian-Yu Ye, Li-zhen Jiang

The security of controlled bidirectional quantum direct communication using a GHZ state [Chin. Phys. Lett. 23 (2006) 1680] is analyzed. It turns out that the MX protocol has the problem of definite information leakage, i.e., the first bit of a secret message from any communication party is always leaked out without any active attack after the controller's announcement of measurement results. We put forward two approaches to improve this. The first is to merely modify the encoding rule of the MX protocol, while the second is to use a Bell state as the quantum resource instead of a GHZ state. Both our approaches can ensure that all the bits of secret messages from two communication parties are not leaked out after the controller's announcement of measurement results. Moreover, the controlled bidirectional quantum secure direct communication protocol based on the second approach is more convenient to implement than the MX protocol, since it merely uses a Bell state as the quantum resource and only needs to perform the Bell-basis measurement.

Chinese Physics Letters•Apr 1, 2013•102 citations

Controlled Bidirectional Quantum Secure Direct Communication

Yao–Hsin Chou, Yu‐Ting Lin, Guo-Jyun Zeng +2 more

We propose a novel protocol for controlled bidirectional quantum secure communication based on a nonlocal swap gate scheme. Our proposed protocol would be applied to a system in which a controller (supervisor/Charlie) controls the bidirectional communication with quantum information or secret messages between legitimate users (Alice and Bob). In this system, the legitimate users must obtain permission from the controller in order to exchange their respective quantum information or secret messages simultaneously; the controller is unable to obtain any quantum information or secret messages from the decoding process. Moreover, the presence of the controller also avoids the problem of one legitimate user receiving the quantum information or secret message before the other, and then refusing to help the other user decode the quantum information or secret message. Our proposed protocol is aimed at protecting against external and participant attacks on such a system, and the cost of transmitting quantum bits using our protocol is less than that achieved in other studies. Based on the nonlocal swap gate scheme, the legitimate users exchange their quantum information or secret messages without transmission in a public channel, thus protecting against eavesdroppers stealing the secret messages.

The Scientific World JOURNAL•Jan 1, 2014•10 citations

Controlled bidirectional quantum secure direct communication with hyperentangled Bell states

Yun-Hao Feng, Ri‐Gui Zhou, Xiao-Xue Zhang

Abstract This paper presents a groundbreaking protocol for controlled bidirectional quantum secure direct communication based on hyperentangled Bell states, involving two longitudinal momentum and polarization degrees of freedom. In this protocol, the controller Charlie governs bidirectional communication between two legitimate participants. Participants encode their secret messages using 64 unitary operations. However, without Charlie’s permission, specifically without publishing the final measurement results, participants cannot exchange secret messages. Security analysis are conducted to prevent eavesdropper Eve from obtaining users’ secret messages through illegitimate means. Compared with previously proposed controlled bidirectional quantum secure direct communication, the proposed protocol significantly improves transmission efficiency because each pair of photons can transmit 12 bits of classical information. The protocol achieves a remarkable qubit efficiency, reaching up to 85.7%. However, when we don’t take into account the number of qubits consumed by the decoy particles, we can theoretically achieve an efficiency of 200%.

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A Multiparty Controlled Bidirectional Quantum Secure Direct Communication and Authentication Protocol Based on EPR Pairs

Yan Zuo Chang, Shibin Zhang, Lili Yan +1 more

A multiparty controlled bidirectional quantum secure direct communication and authentication protocol is proposed based on EPR pair and entanglement swapping. The legitimate identities of communicating parties are encoded to Bell states which act as a detection sequence. Secret messages are transmitted by using the classical XOR operation, which serves as a one-time-pad. No photon with secret information transmits in the quantum channel. Compared with the protocols proposed by Wang et al. [Acta Phys. Sin. 56 (2007) 673; Opt. Commun. 266 (2006) 732 ], the protocol in this study implements bidirectional communication and authentication, which defends most attacks including the 'man-in-the-middle' attack efficiently.

Chinese Physics Letters•Jun 1, 2013•15 citations

LARGE PAYLOAD BIDIRECTIONAL QUANTUM SECURE DIRECT COMMUNICATION WITHOUT INFORMATION LEAKAGE

Tian-Yu Ye

A large payload bidirectional quantum secure direct communication (BQSDC) protocol without information leakage is proposed, which is based on entanglement swapping between any two Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) states. Two remote authorized parties, Alice and Bob, can safely exchange their individual secret messages without worrying about the information leakage problem. Our protocol uses a shared secret GHZ state to overcome the information leakage problem. The shared secret GHZ state plays two roles in the bidirectional communication process: on one hand, it lets Bob know the prepared initial state; on the other hand, it is used for encoding Bob's secret messages. Moreover, our protocol can transmit six bits of secret messages per round communication. Compared with those previous BQSDC protocols, the advantage of our protocol lies in having the following two characters simultaneously: on one hand, it overcomes the information leakage problem; one the other hand, its capacity is as high as six bits per round communication.

arXiv:2205.02395•International Journal of Quantum Information•Aug 1, 2013•39 citations
A controlled bidirectional quantum secure direct communication protocol without information leakage was proposed.In the proposed protocol,two authenticated communication parties,Alice and Bob,were able to securely exchange their secret messages simultaneously under the control of the controller,Charlie.The problem of information leakage was overcome by making full use of the measurement correlation property after entanglement swapping among three Bell states.Moreover,the proposed protocol merely took the Bell state as quantum resource and merely needed the Bell measurement so that it was convenient to implement.Security analysis shows that the proposed protocol can detect not only the active attacks from the outside eavesdropper,but also the dishonest behavior from the controller,Charlie.It can be concluded that the proposed protocol has good security.
In order to solve the security threat of information leakage in quantum dialogue protocols,a controlled quantum dialogue protocol without information leakage was proposed,where the controller Alice controlled the bidirectional communication between two communication parties,Bob and Charlie.The problem of information leakage was avoided by making full use of the measurement correlation property after entanglement swapping between two maximally entangled GHZ states and decreasing the transmission efficiency.Moreover,the Bell-basis measurement rather than the GHZ-basis measurement was needed.Security analysis shows that the active attacks from an outside eavesdropper can be detected,such as the intercept-resend attack,the measurement-resend attack and the entanglement-and-measurement attack.
The security of controlled bidirectional quantum direct communication using a GHZ state [Chin. Phys. Lett. 23 (2006) 1680] is analyzed. It turns out that the MX protocol has the problem of definite information leakage, i.e., the first bit of a secret message from any communication party is always leaked out without any active attack after the controller's announcement of measurement results. We put forward two approaches to improve this. The first is to merely modify the encoding rule of the MX protocol, while the second is to use a Bell state as the quantum resource instead of a GHZ state. Both our approaches can ensure that all the bits of secret messages from two communication parties are not leaked out after the controller's announcement of measurement results. Moreover, the controlled bidirectional quantum secure direct communication protocol based on the second approach is more convenient to implement than the MX protocol, since it merely uses a Bell state as the quantum resource and only needs to perform the Bell-basis measurement.
We propose a novel protocol for controlled bidirectional quantum secure communication based on a nonlocal swap gate scheme. Our proposed protocol would be applied to a system in which a controller (supervisor/Charlie) controls the bidirectional communication with quantum information or secret messages between legitimate users (Alice and Bob). In this system, the legitimate users must obtain permission from the controller in order to exchange their respective quantum information or secret messages simultaneously; the controller is unable to obtain any quantum information or secret messages from the decoding process. Moreover, the presence of the controller also avoids the problem of one legitimate user receiving the quantum information or secret message before the other, and then refusing to help the other user decode the quantum information or secret message. Our proposed protocol is aimed at protecting against external and participant attacks on such a system, and the cost of transmitting quantum bits using our protocol is less than that achieved in other studies. Based on the nonlocal swap gate scheme, the legitimate users exchange their quantum information or secret messages without transmission in a public channel, thus protecting against eavesdroppers stealing the secret messages.
Abstract This paper presents a groundbreaking protocol for controlled bidirectional quantum secure direct communication based on hyperentangled Bell states, involving two longitudinal momentum and polarization degrees of freedom. In this protocol, the controller Charlie governs bidirectional communication between two legitimate participants. Participants encode their secret messages using 64 unitary operations. However, without Charlie’s permission, specifically without publishing the final measurement results, participants cannot exchange secret messages. Security analysis are conducted to prevent eavesdropper Eve from obtaining users’ secret messages through illegitimate means. Compared with previously proposed controlled bidirectional quantum secure direct communication, the proposed protocol significantly improves transmission efficiency because each pair of photons can transmit 12 bits of classical information. The protocol achieves a remarkable qubit efficiency, reaching up to 85.7%. However, when we don’t take into account the number of qubits consumed by the decoy particles, we can theoretically achieve an efficiency of 200%.
A multiparty controlled bidirectional quantum secure direct communication and authentication protocol is proposed based on EPR pair and entanglement swapping. The legitimate identities of communicating parties are encoded to Bell states which act as a detection sequence. Secret messages are transmitted by using the classical XOR operation, which serves as a one-time-pad. No photon with secret information transmits in the quantum channel. Compared with the protocols proposed by Wang et al. [Acta Phys. Sin. 56 (2007) 673; Opt. Commun. 266 (2006) 732 ], the protocol in this study implements bidirectional communication and authentication, which defends most attacks including the 'man-in-the-middle' attack efficiently.
A large payload bidirectional quantum secure direct communication (BQSDC) protocol without information leakage is proposed, which is based on entanglement swapping between any two Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) states. Two remote authorized parties, Alice and Bob, can safely exchange their individual secret messages without worrying about the information leakage problem. Our protocol uses a shared secret GHZ state to overcome the information leakage problem. The shared secret GHZ state plays two roles in the bidirectional communication process: on one hand, it lets Bob know the prepared initial state; on the other hand, it is used for encoding Bob's secret messages. Moreover, our protocol can transmit six bits of secret messages per round communication. Compared with those previous BQSDC protocols, the advantage of our protocol lies in having the following two characters simultaneously: on one hand, it overcomes the information leakage problem; one the other hand, its capacity is as high as six bits per round communication.