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Frontiers in Optics

Development of an “Interferometric Quasi-Autocollimator”

Matthew D. Turner, Charles A. Hagedorn, Stephan Schlamminger, Jens H. Gundlach

Published Jan 1, 2011• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We have developed a device that uses weak-value amplification to measure angular deflections of a target mirror while remaining insensitive to all translations of the target. We present demonstrated sensitivities and discuss practical implementation.
DOI
10.1364/fio.2011.ftuk3

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We report on the use of an interferometric weak value technique to amplify very small transverse deflections of an optical beam. By entangling the beam's transverse degrees of freedom with the which-path states of a Sagnac interferometer, it is possible to realize an optical amplifier for polarization independent deflections. The theory for the interferometric weak value amplification method is presented along with the experimental results, which are in good agreement. Of particular interest, we measured the angular deflection of a mirror down to 400+/-200 frad and the linear travel of a piezo actuator down to 14+/-7 fm.
We report on the use of an interferometric weak value technique to amplify small transverse deflections of an optical beam. Our techniques consists of coupling the beam’s transverse degrees of freedom to the which-path states of a Sagnac interferometer. The theory for the amplification, including signal to noise ratio considerations, is presented along with the experimental results which are in good agreement. Of particular interest, we measured the angular deflection of a mirror down to 560 femtoradians and showed the signal to noise ratio to be amplified by a factor of 150.
Background: Weak measurement involves weak coupling between the system and the measuring device (pointer) enables large amplification and high precision measurement of small physical parameters. The outcome of this special measurement procedure involving nearly mutually orthogonal pre- and post-selection of states in such weakly interacting systems leads to weak value that can become exceedingly large and lie outside the eigenvalue spectrum of the measured observable. This unprecedented ability of weak value amplification of small physical parameters has been successfully exploited for various metrological applications in the optical domain and beyond. Even though it is a quantum mechanical concept, it can be understood using the classical electromagnetic theory of light and thus can be realized in classical optics. Objective: Here, we briefly review the basic concepts of weak measurement and weak value amplification, provide illustrative examples of its implementation in various optical domains. The applications involve measuring ultra-sensitive beam deflections, high precision measurements of angular rotation, phase shift, temporal shift, frequency shift and so forth, and expand this extraordinary concept in the domain of nano-optics and plasmonics. Methods: In order to perform weak value amplification, we have used Gaussian beam and spectral response as the pointer subsequently. The polarization state associated with the pointer is used as pre and post-selection device. Results: We reveal the weak value amplification of sub-wavelength optical effects namely the Goos-Hänchen shift and the spin hall shift. Further, we demonstrate weak measurements using spectral line shape of resonance as a natural pointer, enabling weak value amplification beyond the conventional limit, demonstrating natural weak value amplification in plasmonic Fano resonances and so forth. The discussed concepts could have useful implications in various nano-optical systems to amplify tiny signals or effects. Conclusion: The emerging prospects of weak value amplification towards the development of novel optical weak measurement devices for metrological applications are extensively discussed.