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Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics

Formation of a narrow velocity distribution in an atomic cesium beam by resonant injection laser radiation

A. M. Akulshin, V. L. Velichanskiǐ, R. Gamidov, V I Malakhova, V V Nikitin, Vladimir A. Sautenkov, M Sh Kobyakova, G T Pak

Published Jul 31, 1989• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

An experimental investigation was made of a steady-state deceleration of a beam of cesium atoms by resonant radiation from an injection laser with an external resonator characterized by an emission line of width (Γ < 1 MHz) less than the natural width of the D 2 line. A steady-state narrow peak of the velocity distribution was ~ 13 m/s wide, corresponding to an effective temperature of ~ 1 K.

DOI
10.1070/qe1989v019n07abeh008586

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An experimental investigation was made of a steady-state deceleration of a beam of cesium atoms by resonant radiation from an injection laser with an external resonator characterized by an emission line of width (Γ < 1 MHz) less than the natural width of the D 2 line. A steady-state narrow peak of the velocity distribution was ~ 13 m/s wide, corresponding to an effective temperature of ~ 1 K.
The velocity of a cesium atomic beam was controlled using two broadband frequency-modulated, external-cavity diode lasers. One laser beam was used to decelerate faster atoms and the other was used to accelerate slower atoms. The central velocity of the atoms was readily tuned in a wide range while maintaining the width and peak height of a velocity distribution. In addition, the velocity distribution of cesium atoms was calculated on the basis of the scattering force caused by two frequency-modulated laser beams. The calculated peak ratio was in good agreement with the experimental result.
A simple control method for the velocity distribution of cesium atoms is demonstrated using a frequency modulated diode laser with a wider spectrum. Current to the diode laser was modulated and the laser spectrum was broadened to overlap the Doppler broadening of the atomic beam. The reduction of the atom velocity was achieved on the basis of the laser cooling technique and a single narrow peak at approximately 45 m/s was observed. From a view point of a novel purification process, the possibility to deflect this cooled cesium atomic beam was discussed to spatially separate the beam from impurities.
The velocity distribution ofcesium atoms decelmated by a laser diode is measwed using a dye lasm with a narrow spectral width. The "stopped atoms" density is four times greatm than that ofthe free atomic beam at maximum of the Doppler distribution. The average quadratic velocity of these stopped atoms is 3 m/s, and is much lower than the width of the velocity class resonant with the lasm diode (25 m/s). The cooling observed is in good agreement with the simple theoretical mode1 presented in this Note. The possibility of using a "three-frequency" diode is also demonstrated.
The results of two experiments involving the rapid frequency modulation of diode lasers are presented. In the first experiment, a cesium beam of 10('14) atoms/sec is produced with more than 98% of the atoms in a single spin state. The beam is polarized by optically pumping it with a single diode laser whose frequency is switched between the 6s(F = 4)-6p(,3/2)(F = 5) and 6s(F = 3)-6p(,3/2)(F = 4) transitions at 100 kHz. To do this, the frequency response of a diode laser to changes in injection current was first determined and the injection current modified to force a jump of 9.2 GHz in 1.5 (mu)sec. The same laser is used to probe the atomic population distribution simultaneously. In the second experiment, two diode lasers, tuned to the 6s(F = 4)-6p(,3/2)(F = 5) and 6s(F = 3)-6p(,3/2)(F = 4) transitions, are used to cool and stop a beam of cesium atoms. The laser frequencies are swept to keep them in resonance with the slowing atoms. The same lasers are used to probe the resulting velocity distribution. More than 10('10) atoms/sec are slowed to a velocity of 0 (+OR-) 15 m/sec, corresponding to a temperature of 1(DEGREES)K. Both of these experiments demonstrate extremely simple and inexpensive ways to manipulate atomic cesium.
An investigation was made of selective specular reflection from 133Cs vapor in the range of atomic concentrations between 4×1013 and 2×1015 cm−3 where collisional broadening of the D2 line is less than the Doppler broadening. The radiation source was an injection laser. Intra-Doppler resonances corresponding to the hyperfine structure of the excited state were recorded in the selective reflection profile. Shifts of the reflection resonances relative to the luminescence resonances of the atomic beam did not exceed 50 MHz. The possiblity of using selective reflection for linear spectroscopy of atomic lines without Doppler broadening is discussed.