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Japanese Journal of Applied Physics

Velocity Control of Cesium Atomic Beam Using Two Frequency-Modulated External-Cavity Diode Lasers

Toru Hirayama, Shunichi Sato

Published Nov 1, 2006• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The velocity of a cesium atomic beam was controlled using two broadband frequency-modulated, external-cavity diode lasers. One laser beam was used to decelerate faster atoms and the other was used to accelerate slower atoms. The central velocity of the atoms was readily tuned in a wide range while maintaining the width and peak height of a velocity distribution. In addition, the velocity distribution of cesium atoms was calculated on the basis of the scattering force caused by two frequency-modulated laser beams. The calculated peak ratio was in good agreement with the experimental result.

DOI
10.1143/jjap.45.8910

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Annual Meeting Optical Society of America•Jan 1, 1992•0 citations
The velocity of a cesium atomic beam was controlled using two broadband frequency-modulated, external-cavity diode lasers. One laser beam was used to decelerate faster atoms and the other was used to accelerate slower atoms. The central velocity of the atoms was readily tuned in a wide range while maintaining the width and peak height of a velocity distribution. In addition, the velocity distribution of cesium atoms was calculated on the basis of the scattering force caused by two frequency-modulated laser beams. The calculated peak ratio was in good agreement with the experimental result.
A simple control method for the velocity distribution of cesium atoms is demonstrated using a frequency modulated diode laser with a wider spectrum. Current to the diode laser was modulated and the laser spectrum was broadened to overlap the Doppler broadening of the atomic beam. The reduction of the atom velocity was achieved on the basis of the laser cooling technique and a single narrow peak at approximately 45 m/s was observed. From a view point of a novel purification process, the possibility to deflect this cooled cesium atomic beam was discussed to spatially separate the beam from impurities.
The results of two experiments involving the rapid frequency modulation of diode lasers are presented. In the first experiment, a cesium beam of 10('14) atoms/sec is produced with more than 98% of the atoms in a single spin state. The beam is polarized by optically pumping it with a single diode laser whose frequency is switched between the 6s(F = 4)-6p(,3/2)(F = 5) and 6s(F = 3)-6p(,3/2)(F = 4) transitions at 100 kHz. To do this, the frequency response of a diode laser to changes in injection current was first determined and the injection current modified to force a jump of 9.2 GHz in 1.5 (mu)sec. The same laser is used to probe the atomic population distribution simultaneously. In the second experiment, two diode lasers, tuned to the 6s(F = 4)-6p(,3/2)(F = 5) and 6s(F = 3)-6p(,3/2)(F = 4) transitions, are used to cool and stop a beam of cesium atoms. The laser frequencies are swept to keep them in resonance with the slowing atoms. The same lasers are used to probe the resulting velocity distribution. More than 10('10) atoms/sec are slowed to a velocity of 0 (+OR-) 15 m/sec, corresponding to a temperature of 1(DEGREES)K. Both of these experiments demonstrate extremely simple and inexpensive ways to manipulate atomic cesium.
We have cooled and stopped a beam of cesium atoms using frequency chirped diode lasers. In this technique, a moving atom absorbs and reemits many photons from a counter propagating laser that is frequency swept to keep it in resonance with an atomic transition. The resulting momentum transfer slows the atom. The basic approach is identical to that developed by Hall and co-workers, however, the use of diode lasers allows us to obtain the necessary frequency modulation simply by sweeping the laser injection current. We use two diode lasers tuned to each of the 6s hyperfine ground state levels to drive the 6s—6p3/2 transitions. Each laser is simultaneously swept over the Doppler profile of the 100°C thermal cesium beam to bring a substantial number to a stop. Using additional fast frequency modulation, the same lasers are used to probe the resulting velocity distribution. This technique allows us to bring ~106 atoms/cm3 to a temperature of 1 K. This method is an extremely simple and inexpensive way to produce cold atoms.
By sweeping the frequency of a diode laser beam near the cesium resonance frequency, followed by propagation through a short length of cesium vapor, we obtained periodic peaks with peak-to-average ratios near 5 at pulse repetition rates up to a gigahertz. Light in the wings of a strong atomic absorption line of an alkali metal vapor encounters large group velocity dispersion. A frequency modulation in an off-resonance cw beam passing through the vapor consequently develops an amplitude modulation. For certain combinations of laser and vapor parameters, a sinusoidally frequency modulated beam can be made to develop peaks. We generated pulse trains in a frequency modulated single mode diode laser tuned to the cesium absorption line near 852 nm, which we observed by using a fast p-i-n photodiode and a sampling oscilloscope. The frequency of a diode laser was sinusoidally modulated with a sweep of about a gigahertz and a period of a few nansoseconds by introducing a small modulation into the laser pump current. We observed the formation of sharp peaks with a width of about one-tenth of the modulation period and a peak-to-background ratio of approximately 5.