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Physical Review A

Noiseless suppression of losses in optical quantum communication with conventional on-off photon detectors

GuangSi Meng, Song Yang, Xu‐Bo Zou, ShengLi Zhang, Bao‐Sen Shi, Guang‐Can Guo

Published Oct 4, 2012• 13 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The losses in a bosonic channel are the primary source of errors in current optic quantum communications. Astonishingly, by combining the noiseless attenuation and noiseless linear amplification, Mi\ifmmode \check{c}\else \v{c}\fi{}uda et al. showed that the unavoidable losses in optic links can be compensated in a nondeterministically but heralded way (M. Micuda, I. Straka, M. Mikova, M. Dusek, N. J. Cerf, J. Fiurasek, and M. Jezek, arXiv:1206.2852). Here we analyze their noiseless loss suppression scheme in a more realistic scenario in which conventional on-off photon detectors as well as the heralded single photon are involved. We use the Wigner function method and investigate the performance of loss suppression in all Fock state space. The noiseless loss suppression for transmitting a weak coherent and single-mode squeezing state are investigated. All these results show that the noiseless attenuation and noiseless linear amplification, if combined, could help to eliminate the channel loss and could be beneficial in future quantum communication.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.86.042305

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The losses in a bosonic channel are the primary source of errors in current optic quantum communications. Astonishingly, by combining the noiseless attenuation and noiseless linear amplification, Mi\ifmmode \check{c}\else \v{c}\fi{}uda et al. showed that the unavoidable losses in optic links can be compensated in a nondeterministically but heralded way (M. Micuda, I. Straka, M. Mikova, M. Dusek, N. J. Cerf, J. Fiurasek, and M. Jezek, arXiv:1206.2852). Here we analyze their noiseless loss suppression scheme in a more realistic scenario in which conventional on-off photon detectors as well as the heralded single photon are involved. We use the Wigner function method and investigate the performance of loss suppression in all Fock state space. The noiseless loss suppression for transmitting a weak coherent and single-mode squeezing state are investigated. All these results show that the noiseless attenuation and noiseless linear amplification, if combined, could help to eliminate the channel loss and could be beneficial in future quantum communication.
Recent work by Mi\ifmmode \check{c}\else \v{c}\fi{}uda et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 180503 (2012)] suggests that pairing noiseless amplification with noiseless attenuation can conditionally suppress loss terms in the direct transmission of quantum states. Here we extend this work to entangled states: First, we explore bipartite states, specifically the two-mode squeezed vacuum and NOON states, and, second, we examine MMM-partite states, concentrating on W and Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states. In analogy with the original proposal, our results demonstrate that in each case under consideration, a correct combination of attenuation and amplification techniques before and after transmission through a pure loss channel can restore the initial quantum state. However, we find that for both W and NOON states, the noiseless attenuation is redundant and not required to achieve loss term suppression. This work clarifies the role of noiseless attenuation when paired with noiseless amplification for entanglement distribution and provides an operational example of how GHZ and W state entanglement differs.
Quantum communication can realize secure information transmission based on the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. Photon is a crucial information carrier in quantum communication. The photonic quantum communication protocols require the transmission of photons or photonic entanglement between communicating parties. However, in this process, photon transmission loss inevitably occurs due to environmental noise. Photon transmission loss significantly reduces the efficiency of quantum communication and even threatens its security, so that it becomes a major obstacle for practical long-distance quantum communication. Quantum noiseless linear amplification (NLA) is a promising method for mitigating photon transmission loss. Through local operations and post-selection, NLA can effectively increase the fidelity of the target state or the average photon number in the output state while perfectly preserving the encoded information of the target state. As a result, employing NLA technology can effectively overcome photon transmission loss and extend the secure communication distance. In this paper, the existing NLA protocols are categorized into two types, i.e. the NLA protocols in DV quantum systems and CV quantum systems. A detailed introduction is given to the quantum scissor (QS)-based NLA protocols for single photons, single-photon polarization qubits, and single-photon spatial entanglement in the DV quantum systems. The QS-based NLA can effectively increase the fidelity of the target states while perfectly preserving its encodings. In recent years, researchers have made efforts to study various improvements to the QS-based NLA protocols. In the CV quantum systems, researchers have adopted parallel multiple QS structure and generalized QS to increase the average photon numbers of the Fock states, coherent states and two-mode squeezed vacuum states. In addition to theoretical advancements, significant progress has also been made in the experimental implementations of NLA. The representative experimental demonstrations of QS-based NLA protocols are summarized. Finally, the future development directions for NLA to facilitate its practical applications are presented. This review can provide theoretical support for practically developing NLA in the future.
Loss and decoherence are major problems in the transmission of nonclassical states of light over large distances. It was recently shown that the effects of decoherence can be reduced by applying a probabilistic noiseless attenuator before transmitting a quantum state through a lossy channel, followed by probabilistic noiseless amplification [M. Micuda, I. Straka, M. Mikova, M. Dusek, N. J. Cerf, J. Fiurasek, and M. Jezek, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 180503 (2012)]. Here we show that similar results can be obtained for certain kinds of macroscopic quantum states by squeezing the signal before transmission, followed by deterministic amplification and antisqueezing to restore the original amplitude of the state. This approach can greatly reduce the effects of decoherence in the transmission of non-Gaussian states, such as Schr\"odinger cat states, without any reduction in the data transmission rate.
Noiseless linear amplification (NLA), first proposed by Ralpha et al., is a nondeterministic amplification process which gives gain to the Fock state |n〉 → g n |n〉, with g being the amplification gain. We here give a general framework for improving the NLA scheme with arbitrary general local unitary operations. We derive the improvement in the amplification gain in 0–1 photon subspace. In particular, we study if the local unitary is composed of single mode squeezing and coherent displacement operation. Finally, numerical simulations show that local unitary operation could give a further enhancement in the amplification gain as well as the success probability, making the NLA more feasible in future optic quantum communications.